This week focuses on: Neurological Conditions & Interventions, Wheelchair, Mobility, Building Standards, Community Rehab, Vocational Rehab, Driver’s Rehab, Ergonomics, Adaptive Equipment and Assistive Technology
This week focuses on: Neurological Conditions & Interventions, Wheelchair, Mobility, Building Standards, Community Rehab, Vocational Rehab, Driver’s Rehab, Ergonomics, Adaptive Equipment and Assistive Technology
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Module 5 OTR® Quiz
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A 64-year-old patient who has been admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility following a middle cerebral arterial stroke, is due to be discharged. The patient currently presents with left-sided weakness and anosognosia. He refuses to use any mobility aids despite having had 3 falls during his stay at the facility. The plan is for the patient to return to live with his wife and daughter who have agreed to take care of his needs at home. What goals are the MOST IMPORTANT for the family to accomplish during the final sessions of this patient’s OT intervention, before he returns home?
D. Fall prevention and recovery with family, cognitive strategies, and patient and family education on patient’s awareness of deficits. Anosognosia related to a CVA is the lack of awareness or the underestimation of a specific deficit in sensory, perceptual, motor, affective or cognitive functioning due to a brain lesion. It is associated with a person’s lack of awareness of physical deficits. Hemiparesis and anosognosia raises fall risk. Therefore, caregivers should be educated on safety precautions and cognitive strategies to avoid injury.
A. Although balance and transfer training will be helpful, errorless approach (initiation, execution, & control) is an effective approach for addressing apraxia.
B. Fall prevention and recovery are helpful, however multi-modal cueing and scanning are more appropriate strategies for apraxia and neglect.
C. Endurance is not a primary deficit. However, positioning and stabilization would be a supportive strategy for weakness.
Gillen, Glen. (2009) Cognitive and Perceptual Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. [Kindle Cloud Library, Location 2797 – 2880 of 12366]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
D. Fall prevention and recovery with family, cognitive strategies, and patient and family education on patient’s awareness of deficits. Anosognosia related to a CVA is the lack of awareness or the underestimation of a specific deficit in sensory, perceptual, motor, affective or cognitive functioning due to a brain lesion. It is associated with a person’s lack of awareness of physical deficits. Hemiparesis and anosognosia raises fall risk. Therefore, caregivers should be educated on safety precautions and cognitive strategies to avoid injury.
A. Although balance and transfer training will be helpful, errorless approach (initiation, execution, & control) is an effective approach for addressing apraxia.
B. Fall prevention and recovery are helpful, however multi-modal cueing and scanning are more appropriate strategies for apraxia and neglect.
C. Endurance is not a primary deficit. However, positioning and stabilization would be a supportive strategy for weakness.
Gillen, Glen. (2009) Cognitive and Perceptual Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. [Kindle Cloud Library, Location 2797 – 2880 of 12366]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Mr. Smith, a 62-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with secondary-progressive MS, has recently been admitted to an inpatient rehab facility due to an exacerbation of his MS. He lives with his spouse who is also his primary caregiver. In terms of assistance, Mr. Smith has only needed minimal assistance for transferring to and from his power scooter which he has been using for in-home and community mobility. Lately however, he has had a significant decline in his function and currently needs moderate assistance for his BADLs, bed mobility, and transfers. To ensure that the patient’s wife will be able to cope with taking care of her husband’s needs once he is discharged, what is the best way to prepare her for this transition?
C. Coordinate with the caregiver, to establish a schedule for her to participate in the patient’s therapy sessions.
Patients typically progress from relapse-remitting to secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). The relapses and remissions that used to come and go change into symptoms that steadily get worse over time. The overall expectation in this scenario is a further decline or deterioration in function. Since the patient is expected to decline in function over time, it is important to involve the primary caregiver early on during therapy sessions to maximize function for the patient and prevent secondary complications upon discharge home.
“http://www.neuropt.org/docs/default-source/csm-2016-handouts/ptnow-and-ms-edge-supplement-ptnow-severe-late-stage-ms-case.pdf?sfvrsn=2”
http://www.neuropt.org/docs/default-source/csm-2016-handouts/ptnow-and-ms-edge-supplement-ptnow-severe-late-stage-ms-case.pdf?sfvrsn=2
C. Coordinate with the caregiver, to establish a schedule for her to participate in the patient’s therapy sessions.
Patients typically progress from relapse-remitting to secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). The relapses and remissions that used to come and go change into symptoms that steadily get worse over time. The overall expectation in this scenario is a further decline or deterioration in function. Since the patient is expected to decline in function over time, it is important to involve the primary caregiver early on during therapy sessions to maximize function for the patient and prevent secondary complications upon discharge home.
“http://www.neuropt.org/docs/default-source/csm-2016-handouts/ptnow-and-ms-edge-supplement-ptnow-severe-late-stage-ms-case.pdf?sfvrsn=2”
http://www.neuropt.org/docs/default-source/csm-2016-handouts/ptnow-and-ms-edge-supplement-ptnow-severe-late-stage-ms-case.pdf?sfvrsn=2
A 67-year-old female inpatient, who was diagnosed with a mild right CVA, demonstrates deficits with her balance. The current goal of OT intervention is to improve the patient’s postural control during functional task performance. Today’s session is structured to encourage active trunk rotation and functional use of upper limbs, bilaterally. The patient is participating in a laundry activity, which requires her to fold towels on a table which has been placed to her left side, and then to place the folded towels on another table, which has been placed on her right side. Initially, the patient sits at the edge of her chair, and when rotating her trunk, the OTR® observes that the patient requires moderate use of her upper extremities for support. In what position should the OTR® encourage the patient to sit to maximize the use of her upper limbs in this activity?
C. Complete the laundry task by having the patient sit all the way back on the chair. The patient continues to require adjusting her posture with trunk rotation but with more stability due to increased base of support.
A. Continues to facilitate anticipatory postural movements but does not change the demand on stability.
B. Compensates for need to continually use upper extremities to support posture. However, reduces the challenge for trunk control and does not meet goals of intervention.
D. Compensates the need to continually use upper extremities to support posture. However, reduces the challenge for trunk control by 100%.
Keogh, J., Sain, S.; and Roller, C. (2012). Kinesiology for the Occupational Therapy Assistant: Essential Components of Function and Movement. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 96-98.
C. Complete the laundry task by having the patient sit all the way back on the chair. The patient continues to require adjusting her posture with trunk rotation but with more stability due to increased base of support.
A. Continues to facilitate anticipatory postural movements but does not change the demand on stability.
B. Compensates for need to continually use upper extremities to support posture. However, reduces the challenge for trunk control and does not meet goals of intervention.
D. Compensates the need to continually use upper extremities to support posture. However, reduces the challenge for trunk control by 100%.
Keogh, J., Sain, S.; and Roller, C. (2012). Kinesiology for the Occupational Therapy Assistant: Essential Components of Function and Movement. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 96-98.
An OT has been referred to work with a 20-year-old patient with Huntington’s chorea. What physical symptoms might the OT observe from the patient during the screening?
Individuals with Huntington’s chorea can experience choreiform movements such as involuntary jerking or writhing. Over time, symptoms may get worse and movements may affect the legs and the arms. This can impact walking and upper extremity coordination during functional activity.
Individuals with Huntington’s chorea can experience choreiform movements such as involuntary jerking or writhing. Over time, symptoms may get worse and movements may affect the legs and the arms. This can impact walking and upper extremity coordination during functional activity.
An OTR® is working with a Physical Therapist on a 2-person transfer of an obese male inpatient who requires Maximal Assist. The patient is recovering from a recent anterior cerebral arterial stroke and is being transferred from a sitting position at the edge of his bed into a wheelchair. The patient presents with paralysis of his contralateral lower extremity and MMT scores of 3 and 3+ in his trunk and upper extremities, respectively. In order to stabilize himself while seated at the edge of the bed, the patient requires moderate use of his upper extremities. What part of the transfer setup is MOST IMPORTANT to ensure a safe patient transfer without compromising the safety of the clinicians?
C. Both clinicians position the patient upright and centered, with the front clinician blocking the patient’s knees and feet.
Max Assist: Patient does 25%, Caregivers do 75%. The question asks what part of the set-up is the “MOST IMPORTANT” in terms of ensuring a safe transfer, and keeping the clinicians out of harm’s way. By positioning the patient upright and centered, with the front clinician blocking the patient’s knees and feet, the clinicians are applying proper body mechanics which is the is the most important aspect for their safety. This step comes after positioning the wheelchair, locking the brakes, and securing the gait belt, then the clinicians should follow proper body mechanics to maintain the integrity of their spine, in order to safely support and move the patient. A gait belt should be used at all times if you have access to one. if you don’t have access to one, use the patient’s pants or belt.
A. The gait belt should fit snugly around the waist and not move up the trunk.
B. With a MMT of 3+, the patient will likely not have enough upper extremity strength to lift his hips. When the clinicians shift the patient’s weight forward, it will make it easier to passively lift his hips while the front clinician blocks his knees. The clinicians will direct and move the body towards the transfer surface.
D. Confusion and slow-processing is expected with anterior cerebral arterial stroke. Therefore, the team of clinicians should lead the count.
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the occupational therapy assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, pp 316-317.
Pass the OT study material – Cerebral Vascular Accident,
C. Both clinicians position the patient upright and centered, with the front clinician blocking the patient’s knees and feet.
Max Assist: Patient does 25%, Caregivers do 75%. The question asks what part of the set-up is the “MOST IMPORTANT” in terms of ensuring a safe transfer, and keeping the clinicians out of harm’s way. By positioning the patient upright and centered, with the front clinician blocking the patient’s knees and feet, the clinicians are applying proper body mechanics which is the is the most important aspect for their safety. This step comes after positioning the wheelchair, locking the brakes, and securing the gait belt, then the clinicians should follow proper body mechanics to maintain the integrity of their spine, in order to safely support and move the patient. A gait belt should be used at all times if you have access to one. if you don’t have access to one, use the patient’s pants or belt.
A. The gait belt should fit snugly around the waist and not move up the trunk.
B. With a MMT of 3+, the patient will likely not have enough upper extremity strength to lift his hips. When the clinicians shift the patient’s weight forward, it will make it easier to passively lift his hips while the front clinician blocks his knees. The clinicians will direct and move the body towards the transfer surface.
D. Confusion and slow-processing is expected with anterior cerebral arterial stroke. Therefore, the team of clinicians should lead the count.
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the occupational therapy assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, pp 316-317.
Pass the OT study material – Cerebral Vascular Accident,
For which patient would you recommend the use of a rocker knife, to use as an adaptive eating utensil?
B. Right below elbow amputation. A rocker knife allows a patient to cut food by rocking the knife, rather than using the knife to saw through food. This eliminates the need to use a fork to hold the food in place while cutting, so only one hand is needed to use a rocker knife. The design of the rocker knife makes it ideal for patients who only have the use of one hand, such as the patient with a right below elbow amputation.
B. Right below elbow amputation. A rocker knife allows a patient to cut food by rocking the knife, rather than using the knife to saw through food. This eliminates the need to use a fork to hold the food in place while cutting, so only one hand is needed to use a rocker knife. The design of the rocker knife makes it ideal for patients who only have the use of one hand, such as the patient with a right below elbow amputation.
Leslie, a 77-year-old former seamstress, has been receiving occupational therapy services in a skilled nursing facility for an acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. Yesterday, during her afternoon therapy session, the resistance level on the ergometer hand bike was upgraded, and today Leslie is complaining of a moderate level of perceived exertion with dressing this morning. Previously, she has not reported changes in her level of fatigue during self-care activities. What should the OTR® include in the intervention planning for Leslie, for tomorrow?
D. Reduce the resistance level of the ergometer hand bike to the previous level. Returning to the previous, tolerable exercise level will assist the patient in managing fatigue, a common symptom with multiple sclerosis.
B. Since the patient had reported fatigue, the clinician should discontinue the exercise at that level.
A and C. These are not consistent with the patient’s current functional abilities.
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the occupational therapy assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, pp 518-519.
D. Reduce the resistance level of the ergometer hand bike to the previous level. Returning to the previous, tolerable exercise level will assist the patient in managing fatigue, a common symptom with multiple sclerosis.
B. Since the patient had reported fatigue, the clinician should discontinue the exercise at that level.
A and C. These are not consistent with the patient’s current functional abilities.
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the occupational therapy assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, pp 518-519.
Melinda, a 53-year-old woman, who has been diagnosed with Secondary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) has been referred for OT intervention as an outpatient. Melinda’s main difficulties are coping with her generalized weakness and fatigue, and keeping her place while reading her favorite cooking magazines. This is affecting her ability to follow recipes which is making meal prep time longer than it should be. What action should the OTR® take in response to Melinda’s concerns?
D. Measure the rate of perceived exertion during different types of tasks.
It is important to gather information about fatigue levels and the patient’s activity patterns to support a plan to develop strategies on managing fatigue. In terms of the difficulties experienced with reading, eye movement abnormalities are common in MS. Most eye movement abnormalities associated with MS are due to brainstem or cerebellar lesions and result in symptoms of visual fatigue, blurred vision, diplopia and oscillopsia. The predominant abnormalities of efferent ocular function encountered in MS include internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), saccadic abnormalities, nystagmus, abnormalities of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and smooth pursuit abnormalities.
A. It is unlikely that the patient is exhibiting problems with executive functioning as she is able to comprehend what she is reading.
B. Addressing the patient’s concern is using a client-centered approach and validates the patient, therefore, education does not deal with the patient’s stated problem.
C. There is no indication of a problem with fine-motor skills.
Reed, Kathlyn. (2001) Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, pp 314-319.
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/774939_4
D. Measure the rate of perceived exertion during different types of tasks.
It is important to gather information about fatigue levels and the patient’s activity patterns to support a plan to develop strategies on managing fatigue. In terms of the difficulties experienced with reading, eye movement abnormalities are common in MS. Most eye movement abnormalities associated with MS are due to brainstem or cerebellar lesions and result in symptoms of visual fatigue, blurred vision, diplopia and oscillopsia. The predominant abnormalities of efferent ocular function encountered in MS include internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), saccadic abnormalities, nystagmus, abnormalities of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and smooth pursuit abnormalities.
A. It is unlikely that the patient is exhibiting problems with executive functioning as she is able to comprehend what she is reading.
B. Addressing the patient’s concern is using a client-centered approach and validates the patient, therefore, education does not deal with the patient’s stated problem.
C. There is no indication of a problem with fine-motor skills.
Reed, Kathlyn. (2001) Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, pp 314-319.
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/774939_4
A patient with Muscular Dystrophy is having difficulty typing on the computer due to decreased strength. What type of adaptive keyboard would be MOST useful to recommend to this patient?
B. Light touch keyboard. A light touch or soft touch keyboard will make it easier for this patient to press on the keys.
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. There are many kinds of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common variety begin in childhood, mostly in boys. Other types don’t surface until adulthood. There’s no cure for muscular dystrophy. But medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease. The main sign of muscular dystrophy is progressive muscle weakness. Specific signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, depending on the type of muscular dystrophy.
B. Light touch keyboard. A light touch or soft touch keyboard will make it easier for this patient to press on the keys.
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. There are many kinds of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common variety begin in childhood, mostly in boys. Other types don’t surface until adulthood. There’s no cure for muscular dystrophy. But medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease. The main sign of muscular dystrophy is progressive muscle weakness. Specific signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, depending on the type of muscular dystrophy.
Donna, a 60-year-old inpatient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, has been working with an OTR® on her BADLs. While seated in her wheelchair, Donna is able to sponge bath herself at the sink from her midsection down, but her movements are slow and labored and she requires a significant amount of time to complete the task. Her next goal is to be able to wash her face and neck with the appropriate setup. To help Donna achieve this goal, she will need to be trained in using a mobile arm support. Which movements does Donna need to demonstrate in order for her to be considered a candidate for this assistive device?
B. The ability to stabilize the trunk laterally with some movement from the neck and shoulder.
A mobile arm support provides assistance for shoulder and elbow motions using gravitational forces and springs to compensate for decreased shoulder and elbow strength while maintaining joint range of motion. The criteria for using a MAS include adequate muscle power from neck, trunk, and shoulder girdle, and weakness in elbow flexion, external rotators, shoulder flexion and abduction, and elbow flexors.
A. The ability of the elbow to flex against gravity (3/5) may be best utilized with additional supports underneath the arm such as a table or lapboard for grooming and hygiene, not a MAS.
C. The criteria for shoulder flexion should be no more than 90 degrees of PROM.
D. There must be adequate strength for the patient to hold the head against gravity as the MAS does not support the head.
Hsu, J. D., Michael, J. W., & Fisk, J. R. (2008). Aaos atlas of orthoses and assistive devices (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, pp 186-187.
B. The ability to stabilize the trunk laterally with some movement from the neck and shoulder.
A mobile arm support provides assistance for shoulder and elbow motions using gravitational forces and springs to compensate for decreased shoulder and elbow strength while maintaining joint range of motion. The criteria for using a MAS include adequate muscle power from neck, trunk, and shoulder girdle, and weakness in elbow flexion, external rotators, shoulder flexion and abduction, and elbow flexors.
A. The ability of the elbow to flex against gravity (3/5) may be best utilized with additional supports underneath the arm such as a table or lapboard for grooming and hygiene, not a MAS.
C. The criteria for shoulder flexion should be no more than 90 degrees of PROM.
D. There must be adequate strength for the patient to hold the head against gravity as the MAS does not support the head.
Hsu, J. D., Michael, J. W., & Fisk, J. R. (2008). Aaos atlas of orthoses and assistive devices (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, pp 186-187.
A 72-year-old patient who presents with a right hemiparesis is currently receiving OT in an inpatient neurorehabilitation unit. The patient has achieved his goals for BADLs and requires minimal supervision for his IADLs to ensure his safety. Based on his progress, he is due to be discharged and is eligible to continue with his rehabilitation in an outpatient setting. Which task-specific training is MOST IMPORTANT to consider when developing a home program for this patient prior to him transitioning to the next level of care?
A. The patient’s ability to demonstrate carryover of and adherence to the home program instructions.
Adherence to and demonstrating carryover of the instructed program will ensure skill acquisition. This can be achieved via demonstration, practice, and feedback, specific to the skills of the task.
B. Although the patient’s understanding of the purpose of the home program is important, to connect the action to the outcome, knowledge of outcome measures is more pertinent to the reliability and success of the program as a whole.
C. As the patient is expected to continue towards independence at home, it is not expected that the patient will need assistance.
D. Visual deficits were not stated as a barrier to performance. However, demonstrated actions would be a more reliable determinant for patient adherence and follow-through with the home program.
Burgard, E. C., Sabata, D., & Wu, A. J. (2016). The meaning of context: Connecting the home environment and outpatient occupational therapy. SIS Quarterly Practice Connections. 1(2), 19–21.
Early, M.B. (2013). Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapist Assistant (4th Ed.). St. Louise, MO: Elsevier Mosby, Inc. Pages 187-188.
A. The patient’s ability to demonstrate carryover of and adherence to the home program instructions.
Adherence to and demonstrating carryover of the instructed program will ensure skill acquisition. This can be achieved via demonstration, practice, and feedback, specific to the skills of the task.
B. Although the patient’s understanding of the purpose of the home program is important, to connect the action to the outcome, knowledge of outcome measures is more pertinent to the reliability and success of the program as a whole.
C. As the patient is expected to continue towards independence at home, it is not expected that the patient will need assistance.
D. Visual deficits were not stated as a barrier to performance. However, demonstrated actions would be a more reliable determinant for patient adherence and follow-through with the home program.
Burgard, E. C., Sabata, D., & Wu, A. J. (2016). The meaning of context: Connecting the home environment and outpatient occupational therapy. SIS Quarterly Practice Connections. 1(2), 19–21.
Early, M.B. (2013). Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapist Assistant (4th Ed.). St. Louise, MO: Elsevier Mosby, Inc. Pages 187-188.
A patient who is recovering from a recent CVA presents with a flaccid hemiplegia and an acquired expressive and receptive aphasia. The patient has indicated that she wants to be able to continue to feed herself as she did before her stroke. Using a universal cuff has been recommended to help this patient achieve her goal. The education and training on the use of the universal cuff will therefore be the focus of the session. What method would be BEST for teaching this patient how to use this type of adaptive equipment?
C. Demonstrate active use of the equipment during a regular scheduled meal and allow the patient to return the demonstration.
Expressive or receptive aphasia, or global aphasia (both expressive and receptive) can occur after stroke and impairs one’s ability to express or understand language. Reading and writing can be affected as well. During OT intervention, it is best to have the patient perform the actual task in the appropriate environment and time of the day. In this way, the clinician can isolate other factors that will help determine the type of support the patient will need to perform the task successfully, based on the effects of aphasia on comprehension.
A. A combination of demonstration and return demonstration would be more effective.
B. It is more appropriate to start with a demonstration first.
D. This would be more appropriate if apraxia is suspected.
Gillen, Glen. (2009) Cognitive and Perceptual Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. (Kindle e-book, Location 4433 of 12336). Retrieved from Amazon.com
C. Demonstrate active use of the equipment during a regular scheduled meal and allow the patient to return the demonstration.
Expressive or receptive aphasia, or global aphasia (both expressive and receptive) can occur after stroke and impairs one’s ability to express or understand language. Reading and writing can be affected as well. During OT intervention, it is best to have the patient perform the actual task in the appropriate environment and time of the day. In this way, the clinician can isolate other factors that will help determine the type of support the patient will need to perform the task successfully, based on the effects of aphasia on comprehension.
A. A combination of demonstration and return demonstration would be more effective.
B. It is more appropriate to start with a demonstration first.
D. This would be more appropriate if apraxia is suspected.
Gillen, Glen. (2009) Cognitive and Perceptual Rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. (Kindle e-book, Location 4433 of 12336). Retrieved from Amazon.com
Betsy, a 57-year-old widow, who has Stage I Parkinson’s disease is working with a OTR® on fall prevention. Betsy has recently had 2 falls while working in her kitchen and walking in her living room rendering her a high risk for falling. Despite recommendations for increased assistance, she wants to age in place. When reviewing her case during a staff meeting, what information is MOST IMPORTANT to share with the team?
C. The patient’s understanding of the environmental barriers in her home
It is important to consider the patient’s understanding of the underlying risks that could lead to falls, including recognizing and having insight about the barriers that may potentially be unsafe. Although no major functional impairment is expected during Stage I Parkinson’s disease, it would be essential for the patient to be proactive and advocate for her own safety by acknowledging and recognizing the risks before the disease progresses.
B. This can be used during a home assessment.
A and D. This would be considered during and after an assessment of the patient’s performance.
https://parkinsonsmi.org/managing-pd/entry/living-alone-with-parkinsons-disease, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158465/
C. The patient’s understanding of the environmental barriers in her home
It is important to consider the patient’s understanding of the underlying risks that could lead to falls, including recognizing and having insight about the barriers that may potentially be unsafe. Although no major functional impairment is expected during Stage I Parkinson’s disease, it would be essential for the patient to be proactive and advocate for her own safety by acknowledging and recognizing the risks before the disease progresses.
B. This can be used during a home assessment.
A and D. This would be considered during and after an assessment of the patient’s performance.
https://parkinsonsmi.org/managing-pd/entry/living-alone-with-parkinsons-disease, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158465/
Betsy, a 36-year-old owner of a poodle dog rescue, is currently in the recovery phase of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Her main goals at this stage is to return to work and to be able to lift the small dogs into and out of travel carriers when taking them to foster homes. During her therapy sessions, Betsy has been working towards achieving her goals and she has progressed to being able to lift 5-pound weights from the floor onto the counter top. What is the NEXT STEP in appropriately grading the activity so that Betsy can ultimately achieve her long-term goals?
C. Have the patient repeatedly lift 10 pounds from the floor to the counter 3 times independently.
The selection of activity must be adaptable, gradable, and relate to the patient’s interest but in a way so that is geared towards maintenance or improvement of function and quality of life. A patient who has Guillain-Barre syndrome in the recovery stage needs to increase functional strength gradually to prevent relapse but be able to achieve his/her goal to effectively meet the demands of the roles the patient wishes to engage in.
A. Adding multiple elements that are too challenging does not provide opportunity for success without causing undue struggle.
B. Although this provides a gradation of challenge by including a distance of travel, it does not provide an element of lifting from the ground level.
D. Although pacing strategies are helpful to manage her condition, it does not provide a gradual challenge from his current level of function.
Ryan, S., and Sladyk, C. (2015). Ryan’s Occupational Therapy Assistant: Principles, Practice Issues, and Techniques. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 58-59.
Thomas, Heather (2012). Occupation-Based Activity Analysis. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 160-164.
C. Have the patient repeatedly lift 10 pounds from the floor to the counter 3 times independently.
The selection of activity must be adaptable, gradable, and relate to the patient’s interest but in a way so that is geared towards maintenance or improvement of function and quality of life. A patient who has Guillain-Barre syndrome in the recovery stage needs to increase functional strength gradually to prevent relapse but be able to achieve his/her goal to effectively meet the demands of the roles the patient wishes to engage in.
A. Adding multiple elements that are too challenging does not provide opportunity for success without causing undue struggle.
B. Although this provides a gradation of challenge by including a distance of travel, it does not provide an element of lifting from the ground level.
D. Although pacing strategies are helpful to manage her condition, it does not provide a gradual challenge from his current level of function.
Ryan, S., and Sladyk, C. (2015). Ryan’s Occupational Therapy Assistant: Principles, Practice Issues, and Techniques. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 58-59.
Thomas, Heather (2012). Occupation-Based Activity Analysis. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, pp 160-164.
If a patient has SCI C3, what kind of wheelchair do they need?
B. They need a power wheelchair equipped with portable respirator with chin or breath controls.
C3-
B. They need a power wheelchair equipped with portable respirator with chin or breath controls.
C3-
An elderly male patient who has chosen to age at home, was recently prescribed a manual wheelchair to help him with his mobility after he had to undergo a unilateral ankle disarticulation secondary to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, which resulted in him developing unhealed diabetic foot ulcers. When assessing the patient’s home for wheelchair access, it was identified that he has great difficulty maneuvering his manual wheelchair in smaller spaces, especially his bathroom. This therefore makes it difficult for him to access the toilet and bathtub. What modifications to the bathroom, are the MOST appropriate to recommend for this patient so that his needs are met, and he can remain safe and independent in his ADLs? Select the 3 best answers.
A. Widen the doorway to 32 – 36″ clearance.
B. Remove the bathtub and create a wheel-in shower room with open access to the toilet and shower.
C. Install a shower curtain to shield the rest of the room from water spraying during showering and a floor drain to make cleaning the shower room easier.
A. Commonly, doorways are measured at about 23 to 27 inches; this would not be wide enough for a wheelchair user to fit through. Conventional doorways are not always accessible for either electric power chair or manual wheelchair use, so it’s generally necessary to modify or widen the bathroom doorway. Residential disabled bathrooms should be between 32 (min) to 36″ wide so that any size wheelchair or walker can easily move through the doorway.
B. A stand-alone shower area is generally best for those in a wheelchair. It is much easier to maneuver the wheelchair and is much safer than having to transfer to a tub and back again.
C. A movable shower curtain can shield the rest of the room from water spraying during showering and a floor drain makes it easy to clean his room.
D. Moving to a SNF is not appropriate as there are more suitable options for the patient had it been deemed necessary for him to relocate for safety reasons. For example, assisted living. A skilled nursing home is normally the highest level of care for older adults outside of a hospital. The Principle of Autonomy should also be considered. The patient has chosen to age at his home, and as this is his choice, it must be respected. Autonomy expresses the concept that practitioners have a duty to treat the patient according to the patient’s desires. Often, respect for Autonomy is referred to as the self-determination principle. However, respecting a person’s autonomy goes beyond acknowledging an individual as a mere agent and also acknowledges a person’s right “to hold views, to make choices, and to take actions based on [his or her] values and beliefs” (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 106). Individuals have the right to make a determination regarding care decisions that directly affect their lives. In the event that a person lacks decision-making capacity, his or her autonomy should be respected through involvement of an authorized agent or surrogate decision maker.
E. A caregiver is not considered a modification and will prevent the patient from being independent in his ADLs.
F. Countertops should be installed 34 to 36″ in height for those who are able to stand, and 30 to 32″ for full-time wheelchair users. Allow for a clear space underneath the countertop and handicap sink that is 29″ high x 32 to 36″ wide.
countertop and handicap sink that is 29″ high x 32 to 36″ wide.
** The American Disabilities Act website offers suggestions to make restrooms are handicapped-accessible, which also makes them elderly-accessible even if you never have specific mobility issues. Most of these apply to commercial spaces, but some are useful ideas for your home bathroom remodel. An “ADA-compliant” bathroom can ensure that you will have enough space around the toilet, under the vanity, and in and around the shower.
A. Widen the doorway to 32 – 36″ clearance.
B. Remove the bathtub and create a wheel-in shower room with open access to the toilet and shower.
C. Install a shower curtain to shield the rest of the room from water spraying during showering and a floor drain to make cleaning the shower room easier.
A. Commonly, doorways are measured at about 23 to 27 inches; this would not be wide enough for a wheelchair user to fit through. Conventional doorways are not always accessible for either electric power chair or manual wheelchair use, so it’s generally necessary to modify or widen the bathroom doorway. Residential disabled bathrooms should be between 32 (min) to 36″ wide so that any size wheelchair or walker can easily move through the doorway.
B. A stand-alone shower area is generally best for those in a wheelchair. It is much easier to maneuver the wheelchair and is much safer than having to transfer to a tub and back again.
C. A movable shower curtain can shield the rest of the room from water spraying during showering and a floor drain makes it easy to clean his room.
D. Moving to a SNF is not appropriate as there are more suitable options for the patient had it been deemed necessary for him to relocate for safety reasons. For example, assisted living. A skilled nursing home is normally the highest level of care for older adults outside of a hospital. The Principle of Autonomy should also be considered. The patient has chosen to age at his home, and as this is his choice, it must be respected. Autonomy expresses the concept that practitioners have a duty to treat the patient according to the patient’s desires. Often, respect for Autonomy is referred to as the self-determination principle. However, respecting a person’s autonomy goes beyond acknowledging an individual as a mere agent and also acknowledges a person’s right “to hold views, to make choices, and to take actions based on [his or her] values and beliefs” (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 106). Individuals have the right to make a determination regarding care decisions that directly affect their lives. In the event that a person lacks decision-making capacity, his or her autonomy should be respected through involvement of an authorized agent or surrogate decision maker.
E. A caregiver is not considered a modification and will prevent the patient from being independent in his ADLs.
F. Countertops should be installed 34 to 36″ in height for those who are able to stand, and 30 to 32″ for full-time wheelchair users. Allow for a clear space underneath the countertop and handicap sink that is 29″ high x 32 to 36″ wide.
countertop and handicap sink that is 29″ high x 32 to 36″ wide.
** The American Disabilities Act website offers suggestions to make restrooms are handicapped-accessible, which also makes them elderly-accessible even if you never have specific mobility issues. Most of these apply to commercial spaces, but some are useful ideas for your home bathroom remodel. An “ADA-compliant” bathroom can ensure that you will have enough space around the toilet, under the vanity, and in and around the shower.
Kathleen, an 88-year-old woman who is healthy and active, lives with her daughter and son-in-law in a single-story house. Recently, Kathleen has started to experience difficulty getting up from the toilet and her daughter is concerned that her elderly mother will lose her balance and injure herself. The most appropriate recommendation at this stage, is to suggest increasing the height of the toilet. For an elderly person, what is the BEST height of a toilet seat, measuring from the floor to the seat top?
C. 18 inches.
The ADA-approved height for toilets is 17 to 19 inches from the floor to the seat, for handicapped, disabled, and elderly people. A toilet that is used by only one person or in a private residence can be exempted from ADA guidelines but the extra inches in height can make a positive difference when it comes to going to the bathroom by reducing the risk of injury or strain while getting up or down. A comfort height toilet is any toilet that meets the ADA comfort height requirement. These toilets are usually taller than standard toilets and are especially suitable for elderly people who may have trouble sitting down on and standing up from a standard toilet. Generally, their measurement of 17 to 19 inches from the floor to the seat, makes them about 2 to 3 inches taller than the standard toilet. Most senior members of the community prefer taller toilets because they do not put as much stress on their backs.
C. 18 inches.
The ADA-approved height for toilets is 17 to 19 inches from the floor to the seat, for handicapped, disabled, and elderly people. A toilet that is used by only one person or in a private residence can be exempted from ADA guidelines but the extra inches in height can make a positive difference when it comes to going to the bathroom by reducing the risk of injury or strain while getting up or down. A comfort height toilet is any toilet that meets the ADA comfort height requirement. These toilets are usually taller than standard toilets and are especially suitable for elderly people who may have trouble sitting down on and standing up from a standard toilet. Generally, their measurement of 17 to 19 inches from the floor to the seat, makes them about 2 to 3 inches taller than the standard toilet. Most senior members of the community prefer taller toilets because they do not put as much stress on their backs.
A patient who has been diagnosed with fibromyalgia presents with pain and decreased AROM of her upper extremities and knees, bilaterally. Her symptoms have a significant impact on her ability to perform her ADLs, especially in the morning. She especially struggles to wash her hands, brush her teeth, comb her hair, and apply her makeup. What is the FIRST aspect of OT intervention that should be addressed in order to help this patient groom herself in the mornings?
D. Teach the patient a variety of joint protection strategies for grooming. It is always important to deal with the patient’s pain first. Teaching the patient joint protection techniques and strategies will help eliminate the pain.
D. Teach the patient a variety of joint protection strategies for grooming. It is always important to deal with the patient’s pain first. Teaching the patient joint protection techniques and strategies will help eliminate the pain.
An OTR® is providing education to the family of a patient who is in the end stage of ALS. What is the MOST IMPORTANT advice the OTR® should give the family at this stage of the patient’s disease?
C. Encouraging the family to carry out passive ROM exercise and pressure relief to prevent contractures and decubitus ulcers from developing.
As the ALS progresses to its final stages, almost all voluntary muscles will become paralyzed. The patient will most likely be bedridden and total assistance will be required.
A and B. ALS is a progressive disease. Already in the late stage, mobility is extremely limited and assistance is needed in carrying out most personal needs. Maintaining strength and AROM is not possible.
D. As the mouth and throat muscles become paralyzed, it becomes impossible to talk, eat, drink or swallow. Eating and drinking is therefore done via a feeding tube.
https://www.mda.org/disease/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/signs-and-symptoms/stages-of-als
C. Encouraging the family to carry out passive ROM exercise and pressure relief to prevent contractures and decubitus ulcers from developing.
As the ALS progresses to its final stages, almost all voluntary muscles will become paralyzed. The patient will most likely be bedridden and total assistance will be required.
A and B. ALS is a progressive disease. Already in the late stage, mobility is extremely limited and assistance is needed in carrying out most personal needs. Maintaining strength and AROM is not possible.
D. As the mouth and throat muscles become paralyzed, it becomes impossible to talk, eat, drink or swallow. Eating and drinking is therefore done via a feeding tube.
https://www.mda.org/disease/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/signs-and-symptoms/stages-of-als
An OTR® is working with Rachel, a 57-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS). Rachel has recently been having difficulty brushing her teeth due to fatigue, decreased strength in her upper extremities, and an intention tremor. Which adaptive strategy would be best to recommend for Rachel for when she brushes her teeth?
B. Sitting next to the sink and propping her elbow on the countertop during teeth hygiene tasks, while using a light-weight electric toothbrush.
This strategy addresses fatigue, poor proximal stability due to muscle weakness and enhancing oral hygiene. By propping her elbow on the countertop Rachel is using the environment for stability. Sitting will help to reduce her energy expenditure. The electric toothbrush will aid in better teeth brushing, in comparison to a manual toothbrush.
A. A weighted electric toothbrush may be helpful with controlling her tremor but it would be too heavy for Rachel as she presents with muscle weakness in her upper limbs and fatigue.
C. A universal cuff with a manual toothbrush attached is a strategy used with a patient who has a SCI. Rachel has the skill to brush her teeth.
D. Good oral hygiene is very important. There is a link between MS and periodontal disease as they have a similar inflammatory origin. A publication by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) titled “Dental Health: The Basic Facts” states that dental care may be neglected due to fatigue and focusing on MS-related needs. It stresses the importance of good dental hygiene to avoid infections that can increase MS symptoms.
https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/2018/10/01/ms-neglecting-your-dental-hygiene/
B. Sitting next to the sink and propping her elbow on the countertop during teeth hygiene tasks, while using a light-weight electric toothbrush.
This strategy addresses fatigue, poor proximal stability due to muscle weakness and enhancing oral hygiene. By propping her elbow on the countertop Rachel is using the environment for stability. Sitting will help to reduce her energy expenditure. The electric toothbrush will aid in better teeth brushing, in comparison to a manual toothbrush.
A. A weighted electric toothbrush may be helpful with controlling her tremor but it would be too heavy for Rachel as she presents with muscle weakness in her upper limbs and fatigue.
C. A universal cuff with a manual toothbrush attached is a strategy used with a patient who has a SCI. Rachel has the skill to brush her teeth.
D. Good oral hygiene is very important. There is a link between MS and periodontal disease as they have a similar inflammatory origin. A publication by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) titled “Dental Health: The Basic Facts” states that dental care may be neglected due to fatigue and focusing on MS-related needs. It stresses the importance of good dental hygiene to avoid infections that can increase MS symptoms.
https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/2018/10/01/ms-neglecting-your-dental-hygiene/
An OTR® is educating a patient on proper body mechanics. He has chronic lower back pain. He works as a library technician and as part of his daily tasks, he is required to lift and carry books and place them on the shelves. Which techniques would be beneficial for the OTR® to teach the patient to help him cope with the demands of his job? Choose the best 3 answers.
A. Bend the knees and keep the back straight, when unpacking new books from a box.
D. Maintain spinal alignment when holding the books.
E. Carry the books at chest height with elbows fully flexed.
All three techniques support proper body mechanics. These techniques support the following principles: maintaining the load close to the body, maintaining upright posture, and reducing joint stress by promoting equal distribution along the joints and muscles of the body.
Planning for Lifting and Carrying:
1. Test the weight of the object to be lifted. An easy way to determine if you can lift it without assistance is to try pushing the object with your foot. However, even lightweight objects that are large in size, or cumbersome, may best be handled with assistance.
2. Plan the best way to hold the object to keep it close to your body before lifting.
3. Position your body close to, and directly facing, the object. Place your feet flat on the floor, shoulder width apart, to provide a stable base for your body. To turn directions, use your feet to pivot. Do not twist!
4. Depending on the shape of the object, try to hold it at the sides and bottom, and keep it close to your body. If possible, keep your elbows bent while carrying an object.
5. Use the muscles in your legs as the power for lifting, not the back! Bend the knees, keep the back straight, and lift smoothly. Repeat the same movements for setting the object down.
https://www.spineuniverse.com/wellness/ergonomics/body-mechanics-your-spine-tips-1-3
Early, Mary Beth. (2006). Habits of Health and Wellness, Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant (3rd Edition, p 192). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Mosby Inc.
A. Bend the knees and keep the back straight, when unpacking new books from a box.
D. Maintain spinal alignment when holding the books.
E. Carry the books at chest height with elbows fully flexed.
All three techniques support proper body mechanics. These techniques support the following principles: maintaining the load close to the body, maintaining upright posture, and reducing joint stress by promoting equal distribution along the joints and muscles of the body.
Planning for Lifting and Carrying:
1. Test the weight of the object to be lifted. An easy way to determine if you can lift it without assistance is to try pushing the object with your foot. However, even lightweight objects that are large in size, or cumbersome, may best be handled with assistance.
2. Plan the best way to hold the object to keep it close to your body before lifting.
3. Position your body close to, and directly facing, the object. Place your feet flat on the floor, shoulder width apart, to provide a stable base for your body. To turn directions, use your feet to pivot. Do not twist!
4. Depending on the shape of the object, try to hold it at the sides and bottom, and keep it close to your body. If possible, keep your elbows bent while carrying an object.
5. Use the muscles in your legs as the power for lifting, not the back! Bend the knees, keep the back straight, and lift smoothly. Repeat the same movements for setting the object down.
https://www.spineuniverse.com/wellness/ergonomics/body-mechanics-your-spine-tips-1-3
Early, Mary Beth. (2006). Habits of Health and Wellness, Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant (3rd Edition, p 192). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Mosby Inc.
When a patient has been diagnosed with ideomotor apraxia, both transitive and intransitive gestures are used as part of the assessment. What is the distinction between transitive and intransitive gestures?
B. The distinction between transitive and intransitive gestures is based on whether or not an action involves the use of an object.
Transitive gestures involve specific hand-object actions such as tool-use while, intransitive gestures are communicative in nature. A transitive gesture is tool-based (e.g. hammering in a nail) and it is in some way shaped by the nature of the object and by any knowledge possessed regarding its functions or potential uses.
Illustrators are the most common type of gesture and are used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany.
Adaptors are touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to anxiety. Adaptors can be targeted toward the self, objects, or others. For example: many of us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs when anxious. Some self-adaptors manifest internally, as coughs or throat-clearing sounds. Smartphones have become common object adaptors, as people can fiddle with their phones to help ease anxiety.
B. The distinction between transitive and intransitive gestures is based on whether or not an action involves the use of an object.
Transitive gestures involve specific hand-object actions such as tool-use while, intransitive gestures are communicative in nature. A transitive gesture is tool-based (e.g. hammering in a nail) and it is in some way shaped by the nature of the object and by any knowledge possessed regarding its functions or potential uses.
Illustrators are the most common type of gesture and are used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany.
Adaptors are touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to anxiety. Adaptors can be targeted toward the self, objects, or others. For example: many of us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs when anxious. Some self-adaptors manifest internally, as coughs or throat-clearing sounds. Smartphones have become common object adaptors, as people can fiddle with their phones to help ease anxiety.
A patient with dementia is observed brushing his teeth with a comb and then later on, eating his meal with a toothbrush. This behavioral disturbance is not attributed to agnosia, as the patient is able to correctly name the items which he misused. What disorder is this patient’s behavior indicative of?
D. Conceptual apraxia.
Conceptual apraxia is characterized by a difficulty in selecting adequate tool for that action. In this scenario, the patient is demonstrating poor knowledge of tool function and tool-object association, suggesting impaired conceptual knowledge of tool use.
A. Ideational apraxia is characterized by a difficulty in the planning and carrying out of the steps of a task in the proper order/sequence. i.e.: difficulty sequencing a multi-step task.
Ideational apraxia has been defined as an impairment in performing tasks that required a sequence of several acts with tools and objects (e.g. prepare a letter for mailing). However, some authors also use the term to denote a failure to use single tools appropriately. To overcome this confusion, restricting the term ideational apraxia has been suggested to be used for a failure to conceive a series of acts leading to an action goal. Conceptual Apraxia was therefore introduced to refer to a loss of knowledge of how objects are used. However, a strict difference between ideational and conceptual apraxia is not always feasible. Refer to Apraxia Worksheet in Module 5.
B. Ideomotor apraxia is essentially an inability to perform gesturing and pantomime, on verbal command.
C. Functional movement disorder is a condition which may resemble any of the movement disorders but is not due to neurological disease.
D. Conceptual apraxia.
Conceptual apraxia is characterized by a difficulty in selecting adequate tool for that action. In this scenario, the patient is demonstrating poor knowledge of tool function and tool-object association, suggesting impaired conceptual knowledge of tool use.
A. Ideational apraxia is characterized by a difficulty in the planning and carrying out of the steps of a task in the proper order/sequence. i.e.: difficulty sequencing a multi-step task.
Ideational apraxia has been defined as an impairment in performing tasks that required a sequence of several acts with tools and objects (e.g. prepare a letter for mailing). However, some authors also use the term to denote a failure to use single tools appropriately. To overcome this confusion, restricting the term ideational apraxia has been suggested to be used for a failure to conceive a series of acts leading to an action goal. Conceptual Apraxia was therefore introduced to refer to a loss of knowledge of how objects are used. However, a strict difference between ideational and conceptual apraxia is not always feasible. Refer to Apraxia Worksheet in Module 5.
B. Ideomotor apraxia is essentially an inability to perform gesturing and pantomime, on verbal command.
C. Functional movement disorder is a condition which may resemble any of the movement disorders but is not due to neurological disease.
An OTR® is working with Mary, a college student who is recovering from a recent TBI. Mary has a grade 4+ strength (MMT) in both her upper extremities but due to marked intention tremors and postural instability her ability to grasp and manipulate a pen is being affected. As Mary is majoring in creative writing, continuing to write in her journal is an important goal for her. Which writing adaptation would be MOST appropriate to recommend to Mary to help her compensate for her deficits?
C. Weighted pen and weighted wrist cuffs.
Some of the neurologic findings following TBI may be attributed to cerebellar damage, including ataxia, postural instability, tremor, impairments in balance and fine motor skills, and possibly even cognitive deficits. A patient with ataxia will have problems making fine, smooth and coordinated movements affecting the ability to write legibly. With trunk stability, the patient will have more control writing.
A. A universal cuff with a pen loop would be more appropriate for a patient with decreased strength and range of motion.
B. A keyboard is a more appropriate adaptation to compensate for limited range of motion or overall hand weakness to hold a writing tool.
D. This would be more appropriate for severe muscle weakness such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734258/
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, 500-507.
http://www.oandplibrary.org/popup.asp?frmItemId=D7DBCBCE-122D-4718-80D3-15EBFC868690&frmType=image&frmId=19
C. Weighted pen and weighted wrist cuffs.
Some of the neurologic findings following TBI may be attributed to cerebellar damage, including ataxia, postural instability, tremor, impairments in balance and fine motor skills, and possibly even cognitive deficits. A patient with ataxia will have problems making fine, smooth and coordinated movements affecting the ability to write legibly. With trunk stability, the patient will have more control writing.
A. A universal cuff with a pen loop would be more appropriate for a patient with decreased strength and range of motion.
B. A keyboard is a more appropriate adaptation to compensate for limited range of motion or overall hand weakness to hold a writing tool.
D. This would be more appropriate for severe muscle weakness such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734258/
Early, Mary Beth. (2013) Physical dysfunction practice skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant (3rd Edition). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Mosby, 500-507.
http://www.oandplibrary.org/popup.asp?frmItemId=D7DBCBCE-122D-4718-80D3-15EBFC868690&frmType=image&frmId=19
What is the BEST adaptation recommendation for a 13-year-old boy who has a progressive condition which is causing him to lose his vision and subsequently he is starting to experience difficulty using his computer?
C. A recommendation for a screen reading program.
A screen reader is a software application that enables people with severe visual impairments to use a computer. Screen readers work closely with the computer’s Operating System (OS) to provide information about icons, menus, dialogue boxes, files and folders. The device provides access to the entire OS that it works with, including many common applications.
There are two ways that this hardware can provide feedback to the user: Speech and Braille
A screen reader uses a Text-To-Speech (TTS) engine to translate on-screen information into speech, which can be heard through earphones or speakers.
In addition to speech feedback, screen readers are also capable of providing information in Braille. An external hardware device, known as a refreshable Braille display is needed for this. A refreshable Braille display contains one or more rows of cells. Each cell can be formed into the shape of a Braille character, a series of dots that are similar to domino dots in their layout. As the information on the computer screen changes, so does the Braille characters on the display change, providing refreshable information directly from the computer. Whilst it is possible to use either format independently, Braille output is commonly used in conjunction with speech output.
C. A recommendation for a screen reading program.
A screen reader is a software application that enables people with severe visual impairments to use a computer. Screen readers work closely with the computer’s Operating System (OS) to provide information about icons, menus, dialogue boxes, files and folders. The device provides access to the entire OS that it works with, including many common applications.
There are two ways that this hardware can provide feedback to the user: Speech and Braille
A screen reader uses a Text-To-Speech (TTS) engine to translate on-screen information into speech, which can be heard through earphones or speakers.
In addition to speech feedback, screen readers are also capable of providing information in Braille. An external hardware device, known as a refreshable Braille display is needed for this. A refreshable Braille display contains one or more rows of cells. Each cell can be formed into the shape of a Braille character, a series of dots that are similar to domino dots in their layout. As the information on the computer screen changes, so does the Braille characters on the display change, providing refreshable information directly from the computer. Whilst it is possible to use either format independently, Braille output is commonly used in conjunction with speech output.
A patient’s daughter calls to report that her mother, a 55- year-old woman who recently sustained a TBI as a result of a MVA, is acting “strangely”. According to the daughter, her mother has gradually resumed cooking basic meals for the family and insists on clearing the dishes from the table but when it comes to loading the dishwasher, she appears to become confused and is unable to complete the task. The daughter describes her mother’s confusion in terms of her not being able to correctly insert the plates in the slots and the utensils in the utensil holder. The mother’s frustration tends to result in her inadvertently breaking dishes which makes cleaning up stressful for both mother and daughter. Based on this information, what disorder is this patient most likely demonstrating?
C. Constructional disorder.
This disorder is characterized by failing at tasks that require the manipulation of objects in space. i.e. The spatial part of the task is the problem.
A. Conceptual apraxia- There is a loss of knowledge of tolls-object association. The patient would not know what to do with the dishes.
B. Ideational apraxia- The patient would have difficulty sequencing the task and not with the spatial aspect of the task.
D. Functional movement disorder- This disorder may resemble any of the movement disorders but is not due to neurological disease.
C. Constructional disorder.
This disorder is characterized by failing at tasks that require the manipulation of objects in space. i.e. The spatial part of the task is the problem.
A. Conceptual apraxia- There is a loss of knowledge of tolls-object association. The patient would not know what to do with the dishes.
B. Ideational apraxia- The patient would have difficulty sequencing the task and not with the spatial aspect of the task.
D. Functional movement disorder- This disorder may resemble any of the movement disorders but is not due to neurological disease.
A patient with a C5 SCI who has met all their occupational therapy goals, is preparing to be discharged to live at home with caregiver assistance. What type of device should be recommended for this patient to maximize their independence during self-care activities at home?
B. Wheelchair-mounted mobile arm support.
A patient with a C5 spinal cord injury will have decreased strength with scapular protraction and limited horizontal adduction, and a mobile arm support would be beneficial to better support the weight of the arm and improve position of the arm for activities. Elbow flexion is the hallmark for this level.
D. At C6 SCI, an individual can actively extend their wrist to use a tenodesis splint. Presence of wrist extension provides potential for functional grasp through tenodesis.
B. Wheelchair-mounted mobile arm support.
A patient with a C5 spinal cord injury will have decreased strength with scapular protraction and limited horizontal adduction, and a mobile arm support would be beneficial to better support the weight of the arm and improve position of the arm for activities. Elbow flexion is the hallmark for this level.
D. At C6 SCI, an individual can actively extend their wrist to use a tenodesis splint. Presence of wrist extension provides potential for functional grasp through tenodesis.
Which device is typically recommended to turn pages and point on a keyboard when a patient’s hand function is limited?
C. Head pointer/wand. The Adjustable Head Pointer assists individuals who have limited use of their hands. It provides users an easy to use adapted pointing aid for writing, drawing, turning pages or activating controls. The Adjustable Head Pointer adaptive device can help people with limited verbal communication skills to use communication boards.
C. Head pointer/wand. The Adjustable Head Pointer assists individuals who have limited use of their hands. It provides users an easy to use adapted pointing aid for writing, drawing, turning pages or activating controls. The Adjustable Head Pointer adaptive device can help people with limited verbal communication skills to use communication boards.
What type of wheelchair is typically recommended for an individual with a SCI T3?
D. Manual.
At the SCI level of T3, the patient typically uses a manual wheelchair for everyday living, with the ability to go over uneven ground for short distances. Individuals with T1-T12 paraplegia have innervation and function of all upper extremity muscles, including those for hand function. They can achieve functional independence in self-care, in bladder and bowel skills, and, at the wheelchair level, in all mobility needs. Individuals should receive advanced wheelchair training so that they can move over uneven surfaces, rough terrain, and ramps and curbs, as well as do “wheelies”. Can drive independently by using an adapted van or a car adapted with hand controls.
D. Manual.
At the SCI level of T3, the patient typically uses a manual wheelchair for everyday living, with the ability to go over uneven ground for short distances. Individuals with T1-T12 paraplegia have innervation and function of all upper extremity muscles, including those for hand function. They can achieve functional independence in self-care, in bladder and bowel skills, and, at the wheelchair level, in all mobility needs. Individuals should receive advanced wheelchair training so that they can move over uneven surfaces, rough terrain, and ramps and curbs, as well as do “wheelies”. Can drive independently by using an adapted van or a car adapted with hand controls.
While observing a patient with a R CVA in the OT kitchen, an OT notices that the patient is unable to put together a block design. This behavior would MOST likely be categorized as?
Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements
Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements
A patient is unable to pick out her lipstick from her cosmetic case if she looks away from the bag. What is her condition called?
B. Astereognosis.
Astereognosis is defined as the inability to identify objects through touch without visual input.
A. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite the preservation of elementary sensory functions.
D. Agnosia is a neurological disorder that results in an inability to recognize objects, persons, smells, or sounds despite normally functioning senses.
B. Astereognosis.
Astereognosis is defined as the inability to identify objects through touch without visual input.
A. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite the preservation of elementary sensory functions.
D. Agnosia is a neurological disorder that results in an inability to recognize objects, persons, smells, or sounds despite normally functioning senses.
An OT is working with a patient on teaching him how to safely transfer from a wheelchair to a bed and vice versa. Which of the following steps is the FIRST step, in the sequence of steps the patient will have to follow for a wheelchair-to-bed standing pivot transfer?
A. Positioning the chair at a 45° angle to the bed.
For the patient’s safety, the wheelchair needs to be positioned with the least amount of space for him to travel.
B, C, D: The brakes need to be set and the footrests moved out of the way to prevent the wheelchair from moving and the patient from tripping on the footrest. The patient would then be instructed to scoot forward in the wheelchair to make the transfer easier. These steps, however, are not the first step.
A. Positioning the chair at a 45° angle to the bed.
For the patient’s safety, the wheelchair needs to be positioned with the least amount of space for him to travel.
B, C, D: The brakes need to be set and the footrests moved out of the way to prevent the wheelchair from moving and the patient from tripping on the footrest. The patient would then be instructed to scoot forward in the wheelchair to make the transfer easier. These steps, however, are not the first step.
When determining seating biomechanics requirements and taking into account the patient’s stability, postural support, and mobility needs, what would the OTR® FIRST assess?
D. Pelvis.
The pelvis is the key to maintain correct posture as it dictates the position of the head, trunk and extremities. The pelvis is the base for sitting upright. To be strong and stable, a building needs a solid foundation. in the same way, to be stable when sitting the pelvis must be strong and stable. Any changes in the position of the pelvis will cause a change in the other parts of the body.
D. Pelvis.
The pelvis is the key to maintain correct posture as it dictates the position of the head, trunk and extremities. The pelvis is the base for sitting upright. To be strong and stable, a building needs a solid foundation. in the same way, to be stable when sitting the pelvis must be strong and stable. Any changes in the position of the pelvis will cause a change in the other parts of the body.
A 25 year-old patient who has spastic diplegic cerebral palsy wants to work as a store clerk at a local shoe store. What task, without incorporating any compensatory strategies, would be the greatest challenge for him, in this line of work?
D. Standing at the cash register during the entire shift.
Spastic diplegia affects bilateral lower extremities more than the upper extremities. The patient may have difficulty with weight bearing, and maintaining postural control against gravity. He is therefore likely to become easily fatigued with static postures.
Reed, Kathlyn L. (2001). Developmental Disorders, Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy (2nd Edition, pp 27-33). Gaithersberg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers.
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9637/spastic-diplegia-cerebral-palsy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fUGWKM32hE
D. Standing at the cash register during the entire shift.
Spastic diplegia affects bilateral lower extremities more than the upper extremities. The patient may have difficulty with weight bearing, and maintaining postural control against gravity. He is therefore likely to become easily fatigued with static postures.
Reed, Kathlyn L. (2001). Developmental Disorders, Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy (2nd Edition, pp 27-33). Gaithersberg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers.
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9637/spastic-diplegia-cerebral-palsy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fUGWKM32hE
William, a 72-year-old who has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease is receiving OT services in a rehabilitation facility for overall weakness caused by a recent UTI. Manual muscle testing reveals Fair plus (3+/5) to Good minus (4-/5) strength in his lower extremities, and he is able to perform transfers with minimal assistance. However, during a transfer from the wheelchair to the plinth in the rehabilitation gym, William starts to sway backward, and he falls back into the wheelchair. What strategy should the OTR® teach William in order to help him with his balance so that he does not injure himself during future transfers?
C. Shift upper body forward with the shoulder girdle over the quadriceps.
The patient is demonstrating retropulsion, the force that contributes to loss of balance in a backwards or posterior direction. The patient is demonstrating problems with postural stability with poor use of postural reflexes and requires compensatory strategies for transfers. Moving his weight forward facilitates forward momentum as the hips lift off the chair preventing a backwards motion.
A. Assistance with transfers is unnecessary as the patient is 1-person minimal assist and has adequate leg strength to stand and weight-bear through the lower extremities.
B and D. Scooting forward and hand placement are essential components for the initial steps of transferring, however, anterior weight shifting will correct and prevent a posterior loss of balance once the patient stands.
(https://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/2013/09/05/physical-therapy-tips-to-manage-retropulsion/
C. Shift upper body forward with the shoulder girdle over the quadriceps.
The patient is demonstrating retropulsion, the force that contributes to loss of balance in a backwards or posterior direction. The patient is demonstrating problems with postural stability with poor use of postural reflexes and requires compensatory strategies for transfers. Moving his weight forward facilitates forward momentum as the hips lift off the chair preventing a backwards motion.
A. Assistance with transfers is unnecessary as the patient is 1-person minimal assist and has adequate leg strength to stand and weight-bear through the lower extremities.
B and D. Scooting forward and hand placement are essential components for the initial steps of transferring, however, anterior weight shifting will correct and prevent a posterior loss of balance once the patient stands.
(https://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/2013/09/05/physical-therapy-tips-to-manage-retropulsion/
What is the best seating recommendation for a 10-year-old boy with cerebral palsy who leans backwards because he is unable to sit in an upright position?
A. Corner chair with pelvic straps.
A corner chair has a V-shaped backrest that provides support at the back and sides of the user and is made specifically for users who cannot stabilize themselves against gravity. Corner chairs are perfect for children who may need head, trunk and pelvis support for attaining proper sitting alignment and posture. The corner chair will usually have a sturdy base so it can be the same height as a regular chair and be used at a table. Conversely, the base can be removed so the corner chair and child can both be placed on the floor for playing, allowing the child to interact more easily with their contemporaries at the same eye level either at a table setting, or on the floor during playtime. The pelvic straps help prevent the user from pushing or sliding out of the chair.
https://www.rehabmart.com/category/pediatric_corner_chairs.htm
A. Corner chair with pelvic straps.
A corner chair has a V-shaped backrest that provides support at the back and sides of the user and is made specifically for users who cannot stabilize themselves against gravity. Corner chairs are perfect for children who may need head, trunk and pelvis support for attaining proper sitting alignment and posture. The corner chair will usually have a sturdy base so it can be the same height as a regular chair and be used at a table. Conversely, the base can be removed so the corner chair and child can both be placed on the floor for playing, allowing the child to interact more easily with their contemporaries at the same eye level either at a table setting, or on the floor during playtime. The pelvic straps help prevent the user from pushing or sliding out of the chair.
https://www.rehabmart.com/category/pediatric_corner_chairs.htm
Joe, a former navy pilot, is a 72-year-old senior who recently had a CVA. As he is building a model airplane, he puts the wheels in the cockpit instead of on the wheel mounts. What should the OT document in her notes, in terms of what Joe demonstrated during the session?
A. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements.
A. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements.
A patient with hypertension recently suffered an Ischemic Stroke while brushing his teeth due to an embolus which lodged in his middle cerebral artery. As a result, this patient’s right arm has a complete loss of function. What does this MOST likely indicate?
B. Flaccid paralysis.
Flaccidity is characterized by a complete loss of muscle tone.
Brunnstrom Stages of Stroke Recovery: The seven Brunnstrom stages were developed in the 1960s by Swedish physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom as a framework to understand how muscle control can be restored after stroke.
Stage 1: The first stage of the Brunnstrom approach is the period immediately after a stroke when the connection between the muscles and brain are so damaged that flaccid paralysis (flaccidity) sets in. The initial period of shock immediately after stroke where there is a complete loss of muscle tone. This means that the stroke survivor cannot initiate any muscle movements on their affected side. If the flaccidity lasts too long, the muscles will begin to atrophy.
B. Flaccid paralysis.
Flaccidity is characterized by a complete loss of muscle tone.
Brunnstrom Stages of Stroke Recovery: The seven Brunnstrom stages were developed in the 1960s by Swedish physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom as a framework to understand how muscle control can be restored after stroke.
Stage 1: The first stage of the Brunnstrom approach is the period immediately after a stroke when the connection between the muscles and brain are so damaged that flaccid paralysis (flaccidity) sets in. The initial period of shock immediately after stroke where there is a complete loss of muscle tone. This means that the stroke survivor cannot initiate any muscle movements on their affected side. If the flaccidity lasts too long, the muscles will begin to atrophy.
Dustin is a 19 year old man with a diagnosis of severe ADHD with learning disabilities. He has been referred for a vocational evaluation, completed by a team that includes an OT who completes an evaluation of cognitive and work readiness skills. The OT reports to the evaluation team that Dustin shows deficits in executive function skills, but is able to compensate with adaptations that he learned how to use in high school. The psychologist reports that Dustin’s IQ is at the lower end of the average range. Dustin’s parents report that when completing jobs around the house, Dustin needs some help to learn new tasks, but is able to work independently once he has learned what to do. What type of program should the team recommend for Dustin?
Transitional Employment. Based on the evaluation results that show that Dustin has average intelligence, an ability to use adaptations to compensate for his problems with executive functions, and the ability to work independently once he has learned a job, Dustin may be able to hold a job on his own with some assistance to get started. A transitional employment program will provide Dustin with support at a pre-arranged job site on a temporary basis. Once Dustin has shown that he can perform the job on his own without the additional support, the transitional employment program will end and Dustin will maintain his employment on his own. Since Dustin should be able to hold a job without assistance at some point he will not require supported employment, which involves support at a pre-arranged job site on a permanent basis.
Transitional Employment. Based on the evaluation results that show that Dustin has average intelligence, an ability to use adaptations to compensate for his problems with executive functions, and the ability to work independently once he has learned a job, Dustin may be able to hold a job on his own with some assistance to get started. A transitional employment program will provide Dustin with support at a pre-arranged job site on a temporary basis. Once Dustin has shown that he can perform the job on his own without the additional support, the transitional employment program will end and Dustin will maintain his employment on his own. Since Dustin should be able to hold a job without assistance at some point he will not require supported employment, which involves support at a pre-arranged job site on a permanent basis.
While observing a patient with a R CVA participating in a craft activity, the OT notices that the patient has great difficulty copying a 2-dimensional drawing. Which disorder is this behavior MOST likely indicative of?
A. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia refers to the inability to accurately copy drawings or three-dimensional constructions. It is a common disorder after right parietal stroke, often persisting after initial problems such as visuospatial neglect have resolved. Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements.
B. Primary visual agnosia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the total or partial loss of the ability to recognize and identify familiar objects and/or people by sight. This occurs without loss of the ability to actually see the object or person. The symptoms of visual agnosia occur as a result of damage to certain areas of the brain (primary) or in association with other disorders (secondary).
C. Ideational apraxia is a disturbance of voluntary movement in which a person misuses objects because they have difficulty identifying the concept (idea) or purpose behind the objects. Due to the conceptual loss, sequencing errors are common in this form of apraxia. Motor movement is not lost in ideational apraxia. However, the person’s movements appear confused because they cannot form a plan on how to sequence those movements when using an object.
D. Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder that arises as a result of injury to the cerebral cortex. Unilateral neglect is also commonly known as contralateral neglect, hemispatial neglect, visuospatial neglect, spatial neglect, or hemi-neglect.
A. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia refers to the inability to accurately copy drawings or three-dimensional constructions. It is a common disorder after right parietal stroke, often persisting after initial problems such as visuospatial neglect have resolved. Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects. Apraxia is a neurological disorder in which people are unable to perform tasks or movements even though they understand the task, are willing to complete it, and have the physical ability to perform the movements.
B. Primary visual agnosia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the total or partial loss of the ability to recognize and identify familiar objects and/or people by sight. This occurs without loss of the ability to actually see the object or person. The symptoms of visual agnosia occur as a result of damage to certain areas of the brain (primary) or in association with other disorders (secondary).
C. Ideational apraxia is a disturbance of voluntary movement in which a person misuses objects because they have difficulty identifying the concept (idea) or purpose behind the objects. Due to the conceptual loss, sequencing errors are common in this form of apraxia. Motor movement is not lost in ideational apraxia. However, the person’s movements appear confused because they cannot form a plan on how to sequence those movements when using an object.
D. Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder that arises as a result of injury to the cerebral cortex. Unilateral neglect is also commonly known as contralateral neglect, hemispatial neglect, visuospatial neglect, spatial neglect, or hemi-neglect.
Which of the following actions BEST addresses a request to perform an ergonomic evaluation and provide ergonomic interventions at an airport where there is a high rate of manual labor?
D. Promote better positioning at work through modifications and weight belts.
It is important to think about modifications and equipment to help improve a person’s body position and body alignment at work.
D. Promote better positioning at work through modifications and weight belts.
It is important to think about modifications and equipment to help improve a person’s body position and body alignment at work.
An OT is providing a wheelchair consultation to a Japanese woman who is 83 years old, 93 pounds, who recently had a mild right CVA, and lives with her husband and two sons. The OT determines that a standard narrow adult chair would be most suitable for this patient. What are the dimensions of this chair?
D. 16” wide x 16” deep x 19.5” high.
D. 16” wide x 16” deep x 19.5” high.
An OT has been requested to meet with the management of a lumber yard, to help with minimizing work-related injuries and work absences. The OT is permitted to execute all of the following actions EXCEPT?
A. Bill for services under the medical insurance of employees. A company cannot bill a medical insurance company for hiring a ergonomic consultant. In this scenario the OT is an outside contractor therefore they do not need to bill for services. The management will have to pay the OT privately, what was negotiated before services were rendered.
At a work site:
OT Practitioners provide a wide range of workplace consultative services, such as helping employers to comply with the requirements of the American with Disabilities Act, evaluating and modifying tool and equipment design, and determining and reducing injury risk factors. For workers who have had an injury, occupational therapy practitioners can help them to return to work faster, increase their comfort, and suggest modifications to regain productivity.
Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA’s role is to ensure these conditions for America’s working men and women by setting and enforcing standards, and providing training, education and assistance. OSHA and the Wisconsin Occupational Therapists Association (WOTA) recognize the value of establishing a collaborative relationship to foster safer and more healthful American workplaces. OSHA and WOTA formed an alliance to provide WOTA members with information, guidance, and access to training resources that will help them protect employees’ health and safety.
Examples of services provided by occupational therapy include evaluating client performance and function; evaluating work demands; identifying injury risk factors; identifying job accommodations and modifications needed to return to work; and providing work transition services, ergonomic evaluation, and injury prevention services.
https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/alliances/regional/reg5/wota_final.html
https://www.aota.org/About-Occupational-Therapy/Professionals/WI/Articles/Improving-Productivity.aspx
A. Bill for services under the medical insurance of employees. A company cannot bill a medical insurance company for hiring a ergonomic consultant. In this scenario the OT is an outside contractor therefore they do not need to bill for services. The management will have to pay the OT privately, what was negotiated before services were rendered.
At a work site:
OT Practitioners provide a wide range of workplace consultative services, such as helping employers to comply with the requirements of the American with Disabilities Act, evaluating and modifying tool and equipment design, and determining and reducing injury risk factors. For workers who have had an injury, occupational therapy practitioners can help them to return to work faster, increase their comfort, and suggest modifications to regain productivity.
Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA’s role is to ensure these conditions for America’s working men and women by setting and enforcing standards, and providing training, education and assistance. OSHA and the Wisconsin Occupational Therapists Association (WOTA) recognize the value of establishing a collaborative relationship to foster safer and more healthful American workplaces. OSHA and WOTA formed an alliance to provide WOTA members with information, guidance, and access to training resources that will help them protect employees’ health and safety.
Examples of services provided by occupational therapy include evaluating client performance and function; evaluating work demands; identifying injury risk factors; identifying job accommodations and modifications needed to return to work; and providing work transition services, ergonomic evaluation, and injury prevention services.
https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/alliances/regional/reg5/wota_final.html
https://www.aota.org/About-Occupational-Therapy/Professionals/WI/Articles/Improving-Productivity.aspx
An OT walking past a patient who is recovering from a recent left CVA, notices that the patient is visibly upset because she cannot find her lipstick in her handbag. The OT can see that the patient is holding her lipstick in her right hand, but the patient does not seem aware that she is holding her lipstick and continues to look through her purse. The patient’s tactile sensation is intact, therefore the OT rules out a sensory deficit. Based on this information, what type of disorder does this patient most likely have?
B. Astereognosis.
Astereognosis. A person with astereognosis needs to receive other sensory input, such as visual contact, before being able to identify an object.
Many authors of recent textbooks in clinical neuroscience use the terms astereognosis and tactile agnosia synonymously. Several others, however, define the two terms differentially. The most common distinction made is the following: With a lesion involving only one hemisphere and with the simple sensations relatively intact, the patient with tactile agnosia is unable to recognize objects placed in either hand, but the patient with astereognosis is only unable to recognize objects placed in the hand contralateral to the lesion. (Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms.Terence R. Anthoney)
A. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write
D. Agraphesthesia is a disorder of directional cutaneous kinesthesia or a disorientation of the skin’s sensation across its space. It is a difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin.
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/
http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue5/v4i5cognitive.pdf
B. Astereognosis.
Astereognosis. A person with astereognosis needs to receive other sensory input, such as visual contact, before being able to identify an object.
Many authors of recent textbooks in clinical neuroscience use the terms astereognosis and tactile agnosia synonymously. Several others, however, define the two terms differentially. The most common distinction made is the following: With a lesion involving only one hemisphere and with the simple sensations relatively intact, the patient with tactile agnosia is unable to recognize objects placed in either hand, but the patient with astereognosis is only unable to recognize objects placed in the hand contralateral to the lesion. (Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms.Terence R. Anthoney)
A. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write
D. Agraphesthesia is a disorder of directional cutaneous kinesthesia or a disorientation of the skin’s sensation across its space. It is a difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin.
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/
http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue5/v4i5cognitive.pdf
A patient is asked to place her sandwich on a placemat in the middle of the table, but instead places the sandwich on the edge of the table and the sandwich falls to the floor. Based on this information, what can the OT determine?
B. Dysmetria- undershooting or overshooting of a target.
A. Intention tremors – worsening of action tremor as the limb approaches a target in space.
C. Dyssynergia – breakdown/decomposition in movement resulting in joints being moved separately to reach a desired target.
D. Dysdiadochokinesia – impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements.
B. Dysmetria- undershooting or overshooting of a target.
A. Intention tremors – worsening of action tremor as the limb approaches a target in space.
C. Dyssynergia – breakdown/decomposition in movement resulting in joints being moved separately to reach a desired target.
D. Dysdiadochokinesia – impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements.
A 68-year-old senior male is being fitted for a wheelchair. He states that he frequently wears heavy jackets during the year because he lives in Alaska. He requires no lateral external supports for his torso and has a hip width of 18 inches. What seat width should the OT recommend?
C. 20 inches.
Standard W/C measurements for Proper Fit:
Seat Width
Measure the widest aspect of the user’s buttocks, hips or thighs and add 2 inches. This will provide space for bulky clothing, orthoses, or clearance of the trochanters from the armrest side panel.
This patient = 18 inches, therefore 18 + 2 = 20 inches
C. 20 inches.
Standard W/C measurements for Proper Fit:
Seat Width
Measure the widest aspect of the user’s buttocks, hips or thighs and add 2 inches. This will provide space for bulky clothing, orthoses, or clearance of the trochanters from the armrest side panel.
This patient = 18 inches, therefore 18 + 2 = 20 inches
A patient with Parkinson’s Disease spills his food every time he attempts to scoop with a spoon due to his intention tremor. Which adaptive feeding utensil will provide this patient with more control so he can feed himself without spilling?
Weighted utensil
Weighted utensils provide more control so that the utensil reaches the mouth more easily. The weight in the utensil handles helps to control tremor and lack of coordination. Ideal for persons with limited hand control, Parkinson’s disease or spasticity.
Weighted utensil
Weighted utensils provide more control so that the utensil reaches the mouth more easily. The weight in the utensil handles helps to control tremor and lack of coordination. Ideal for persons with limited hand control, Parkinson’s disease or spasticity.
An OT is working on upper and lower body dressing with a patient who has Parkinson’s disease. What is the best dressing modification for this patient if he shows increased difficulty in gross motor coordination, impaired balance, and postural instability?
B. Dress while sitting in a chair with arms.
Dressing while sitting in a chair with arms is the best modification for this patient. The armchair will allow the patient to sit while dressing, compensating for his poor gross motor coordination and balance. The arms on the chair will add lateral support to compensate for the patient’s postural instability.
B. Dress while sitting in a chair with arms.
Dressing while sitting in a chair with arms is the best modification for this patient. The armchair will allow the patient to sit while dressing, compensating for his poor gross motor coordination and balance. The arms on the chair will add lateral support to compensate for the patient’s postural instability.
A patient is seen in his home after having a middle cerebral artery stroke 6 weeks ago. The patient is modified independent in most ADLs and IADLs using assistive devices for grooming and ambulation. In order to resume gardening, which modification would be the most necessary?
A. Adaptive strategies during graded outdoor gardening tasks.
Graded gardening tasks outdoors will allow the client to progress to performing this leisure activity, and working on outdoor gardening tasks will allow the client to gain skills in the natural context of the activity, as long as the practitioner has deemed the activity is safe for the client to perform.
A. Adaptive strategies during graded outdoor gardening tasks.
Graded gardening tasks outdoors will allow the client to progress to performing this leisure activity, and working on outdoor gardening tasks will allow the client to gain skills in the natural context of the activity, as long as the practitioner has deemed the activity is safe for the client to perform.
During a treatment session, a patient who has had a CVA successfully makes a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. What therapeutic activity would be BEST for the next treatment session in order to work on developing cooking skills with this patient?
C. Grilled cheese sandwich.
The activity analysis skill here is grading; the OT recognizes the success of a multi-step cold meal and appropriately upgrades the task to require more complex steps.
A: The turkey and cheese sandwich is too similar to the original task and would likely not provide a sufficient challenge.
B: A microwavable dinner is typically a single-step process and therefore is not an appropriate upgrade.
D: A stir-fry dish is more complex and involves making two separate items to combine, which may be a desired task at a later time.
C. Grilled cheese sandwich.
The activity analysis skill here is grading; the OT recognizes the success of a multi-step cold meal and appropriately upgrades the task to require more complex steps.
A: The turkey and cheese sandwich is too similar to the original task and would likely not provide a sufficient challenge.
B: A microwavable dinner is typically a single-step process and therefore is not an appropriate upgrade.
D: A stir-fry dish is more complex and involves making two separate items to combine, which may be a desired task at a later time.
While observing a patient shower in the hospital bathroom, the patient closes the shampoo by capping it on the wrong end of the tube. What diagnosis does this patient most likely have?
D. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia- Clinically, the patient has difficulty putting unattached pieces of an object together. The patient fails at tasks that require the manipulation of objects in space. The primary deficit in constructional disorder appears to involve the ability to perceive and imagine geometrical relations- the ability to organize and manually manipulate spatial information to make a design/whole. To perform such tasks successfully, an individual must have integrated visual perception, motor planning, and motor execution skills. A variety of tests have been utilized to identify constructional apraxia, including the copying of block designs, the copying of simple and complex figures, puzzle constructions, mental rotations, and 3D model building.
Ideomotor apraxia- Inability to execute the correct movements in response to a verbal command. Observed when a patient is asked to perform specific movements or imitate gestures. There is an inability to carry out a motor act on verbal command or imitation, but the patient can perform the task when using the actual object, in context.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/constructional-apraxia
D. Constructional apraxia.
Constructional apraxia- Clinically, the patient has difficulty putting unattached pieces of an object together. The patient fails at tasks that require the manipulation of objects in space. The primary deficit in constructional disorder appears to involve the ability to perceive and imagine geometrical relations- the ability to organize and manually manipulate spatial information to make a design/whole. To perform such tasks successfully, an individual must have integrated visual perception, motor planning, and motor execution skills. A variety of tests have been utilized to identify constructional apraxia, including the copying of block designs, the copying of simple and complex figures, puzzle constructions, mental rotations, and 3D model building.
Ideomotor apraxia- Inability to execute the correct movements in response to a verbal command. Observed when a patient is asked to perform specific movements or imitate gestures. There is an inability to carry out a motor act on verbal command or imitation, but the patient can perform the task when using the actual object, in context.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/constructional-apraxia
A newly admitted patient recently had a mild CVA and has goals of upper and lower body dressing. When asked to perform upper and lower body dressing, the patient states that she does not want the OT to look at her naked due to privacy and religious reasons. What action should the OT take next?
The OT can ask the patient to don and doff larger clothing over her own clothing. This will allow her to complete tasks and work on her goals.
The OT can ask the patient to don and doff larger clothing over her own clothing. This will allow her to complete tasks and work on her goals.
A patient with Guillain-Barre has been referred for OT intervention. The OT is planning on performing an ADL assessment, however, upon entering the patient’s room, the OT sees the nursing staff finishing up bathing and dressing with the patient. What is the best course of action the OT should take in this scenario?
B. Ask the patient to simulate dressing and bathing tasks.
Since the nursing staff have already assisted the patient in bathing and dressing, the OT can simulate dressing and bathing tasks to determine if the patient is able to complete those tasks.
B. Ask the patient to simulate dressing and bathing tasks.
Since the nursing staff have already assisted the patient in bathing and dressing, the OT can simulate dressing and bathing tasks to determine if the patient is able to complete those tasks.
An 81-year-old retired school teacher recently had a CVA and she is currently an inpatient in the medical ward. On meeting the patient to evaluate her needs in terms of OT intervention, the patient begins to cry and states that she is devastated because she cannot use her dominant upper limb to complete her ADLs, and she does not want to be dependent on a caregiver. In this scenario, what is the best action the OT should take?
B. Provide active listening in order to build a therapeutic relationship with the patient.
The best course of action for the OT to take, is to firstly provide the patient with active listening in order to build upon their therapeutic relationship.
B. Provide active listening in order to build a therapeutic relationship with the patient.
The best course of action for the OT to take, is to firstly provide the patient with active listening in order to build upon their therapeutic relationship.
An OT is working with a patient who has been diagnosed with a progressive disease. What is the main goal of OT intervention, in this scenario?
A. Educate the patient on ways to incorporate compensatory strategies. When a patient has a progressive disease, it means the patient will not improve in function. Therefore, it is important to maintain function as much as possible and provide them with compensatory strategies.
A. Educate the patient on ways to incorporate compensatory strategies. When a patient has a progressive disease, it means the patient will not improve in function. Therefore, it is important to maintain function as much as possible and provide them with compensatory strategies.
5 days ago, a 43-year-old male truck driver was admitted to the inpatient department after he suffered a cerebellar CVA. During a lower body dressing assessment, the patient dons his shoes and then attempts to put on his socks. Which MOST ACCURATELY describes the reason for the patient’s action?
D. Due to ideational apraxia, the patient is not able to conceptualize the steps of the task.
The patient cannot perform the task correctly due to ideational apraxia as the patient has difficulty with sequencing the steps of donning shoes/socks. This affects movement that must be planned and carried out, not movement that is automatic or has been learned and committed to long-term memory.
In more detail: Apraxia (called “dyspraxia” if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain. There are several kinds of apraxia, which may occur alone or together.
The most common is buccofacial or orofacial apraxia, which causes the inability to carry out facial movements on command such as licking lips, whistling, coughing, or winking.
Other types of apraxia include:
• Limb-kinetic apraxia- the inability to make fine, precise movements with an arm or leg
• Ideomotor apraxia- the inability to make the proper movement in response to a verbal command
• Ideational apraxia- the inability to coordinate activities with multiple, sequential movements, such as dressing, eating, and bathing
• Verbal apraxia- difficulty coordinating mouth and speech movements
• Constructional apraxia- he inability to copy, draw, or construct simple figures
• Oculomotor apraxia (difficulty moving the eyes on command).
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/apraxia-information-page
D. Due to ideational apraxia, the patient is not able to conceptualize the steps of the task.
The patient cannot perform the task correctly due to ideational apraxia as the patient has difficulty with sequencing the steps of donning shoes/socks. This affects movement that must be planned and carried out, not movement that is automatic or has been learned and committed to long-term memory.
In more detail: Apraxia (called “dyspraxia” if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain. There are several kinds of apraxia, which may occur alone or together.
The most common is buccofacial or orofacial apraxia, which causes the inability to carry out facial movements on command such as licking lips, whistling, coughing, or winking.
Other types of apraxia include:
• Limb-kinetic apraxia- the inability to make fine, precise movements with an arm or leg
• Ideomotor apraxia- the inability to make the proper movement in response to a verbal command
• Ideational apraxia- the inability to coordinate activities with multiple, sequential movements, such as dressing, eating, and bathing
• Verbal apraxia- difficulty coordinating mouth and speech movements
• Constructional apraxia- he inability to copy, draw, or construct simple figures
• Oculomotor apraxia (difficulty moving the eyes on command).
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/apraxia-information-page
An OT is working with a patient who has recently had a mild CVA. Upon observation, the OT notices the patient’s right ankle appears to be inverted and may need an ankle splint. What is the best course of action the OT should take?
A. Refer the patient to his/her physician. If the OT detects the patient may need an ankle splint, then the OT needs to refer the patient to his/her physician first. The physician can then write an order for the patient to see a PT who can make a splint. Patient care always needs to follow the OT process of referral, screening, evaluation, intervention, and discharge.
A. Refer the patient to his/her physician. If the OT detects the patient may need an ankle splint, then the OT needs to refer the patient to his/her physician first. The physician can then write an order for the patient to see a PT who can make a splint. Patient care always needs to follow the OT process of referral, screening, evaluation, intervention, and discharge.
An OT has been working with a patient, who recently had a R CVA, on self-feeding skills in a senior nursing facility. The patient currently needs moderate assistance. To continue to promote the patient’s goals of self-feeding, the OT would like to educate the nursing staff and caregivers. What would be the optimal strategy to implement?
C. Verbally explain techniques, then watch the nursing staff and caregivers implement them. To promote carry-through on interventions and ensure that the caregivers and nursing staff know exactly what to do, it would be optimal to verbally explain techniques and then watch them implement the strategies.
C. Verbally explain techniques, then watch the nursing staff and caregivers implement them. To promote carry-through on interventions and ensure that the caregivers and nursing staff know exactly what to do, it would be optimal to verbally explain techniques and then watch them implement the strategies.
What are the 3 main purposes of using the Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (DLOTCA)?
A. Identifies cognitive abilities and limitations of people with neurological disabilities, identifies learning potential and provides a starting point from which to begin intervention appropriate to the specific patient being tested.
The DLOTCA aims, first, to identify cognitive abilities and limitations of people with neurological disabilities in the primary cognitive areas related to function. Second, it aims to allow identification of learning potential and change as well as thinking strategies by means of analysis of the test’s mediation process. Third, it aims to provide a starting point from which to begin intervention appropriate to the specific person tested. The Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (DLOTCA) is a new version of the Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment battery (Itzkovich, Averbuch, Elazar, & Katz, 2000) used to assess basic cognitive skills in adult populations. The LOTCA batteries progressed from the LOTCA to the LOTCA Geriatric, to the Dynamic Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for Children (DOTCA–Ch), and then to the DLOTCA and DLOTCA Geriatric (DLOTCA–G). The LOTCA battery provides a cognitive profile along six cognitive areas: orientation, visual and spatial perception, praxis, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations. The LOTCA has been standardized, and its reliability and validity in various populations have been researched since 1989.
Updated: April 30, 2020. Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment: Evaluation of Potential to Change in Cognitive Performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, March/April 2012, Vol. 66, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.002469
A. Identifies cognitive abilities and limitations of people with neurological disabilities, identifies learning potential and provides a starting point from which to begin intervention appropriate to the specific patient being tested.
The DLOTCA aims, first, to identify cognitive abilities and limitations of people with neurological disabilities in the primary cognitive areas related to function. Second, it aims to allow identification of learning potential and change as well as thinking strategies by means of analysis of the test’s mediation process. Third, it aims to provide a starting point from which to begin intervention appropriate to the specific person tested. The Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (DLOTCA) is a new version of the Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment battery (Itzkovich, Averbuch, Elazar, & Katz, 2000) used to assess basic cognitive skills in adult populations. The LOTCA batteries progressed from the LOTCA to the LOTCA Geriatric, to the Dynamic Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for Children (DOTCA–Ch), and then to the DLOTCA and DLOTCA Geriatric (DLOTCA–G). The LOTCA battery provides a cognitive profile along six cognitive areas: orientation, visual and spatial perception, praxis, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations. The LOTCA has been standardized, and its reliability and validity in various populations have been researched since 1989.
Updated: April 30, 2020. Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment: Evaluation of Potential to Change in Cognitive Performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, March/April 2012, Vol. 66, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.002469
A 52-year-old man is in the early stages of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and demonstrates shoulder-hiking during self-feeding due to fatigue. Which strategy would be BEST to maintain hand-to-mouth function during self-feeding?
D. Suspension sling or mobile arm support.
A suspension sling or mobile arm support allows hand activities to continue without fatigue to the shoulder and upper arm. A dycem mat and weighted utensils will increase the load and not be favorable for upper extremity weakness. A table tray lowered to the level of the patient’s abdomen will increase difficulty with the motions.
D. Suspension sling or mobile arm support.
A suspension sling or mobile arm support allows hand activities to continue without fatigue to the shoulder and upper arm. A dycem mat and weighted utensils will increase the load and not be favorable for upper extremity weakness. A table tray lowered to the level of the patient’s abdomen will increase difficulty with the motions.
A 42-year-old man is a bilateral above-the-knee amputee as a result of a car accident. He uses a lightweight manual wheelchair for mobility. In order for this man to use his wheelchair independently, what adaptation is necessary to prevent the wheelchair from tipping backwards?
D. Amputee axle. An amputee axle can be adjusted on the wheelchair to compensate for the person’s center of gravity, which tends to raise in height after a bilateral lower extremity amputation.
D. Amputee axle. An amputee axle can be adjusted on the wheelchair to compensate for the person’s center of gravity, which tends to raise in height after a bilateral lower extremity amputation.
A 74-year-old man has vertigo caused by an inner ear condition. He often complains of feeling dizzy and will sometimes state that the room is spinning. Which activity would be best for the OT to include during intervention?
D. Catch and throw a ball into a hoop while seated. A patient with vertigo may have an easier time participating in an activity that has a clear, stationary focal point. The patient should be seated to allow for participation in the activity without fear of falling.
D. Catch and throw a ball into a hoop while seated. A patient with vertigo may have an easier time participating in an activity that has a clear, stationary focal point. The patient should be seated to allow for participation in the activity without fear of falling.
A patient who suffered a mild CVA is demonstrating difficulty with impulse control by blurting out inappropriate comments. The OT suspects that the patient’s executive functioning may have been affected by the CVA. In order to confirm this, the OT has to assess the patient’s executive functioning by assessing specific cognitive skills which are part of a person’s executive function. Which skills should be assessed?
D. Initiation and planning.
Executive function is an umbrella term that encompasses the set of higher-order processes. Executive functions are complex cognitive processes necessary to adapt effectively to the environment and to achieve goals. Executive functioning involves abilities and processes vital for daily life such as: Working memory, planning, reasoning, flexibility (the ability to adjust behavior to changing environmental circumstances), task initiation, inhibition, decision making, time estimation, and multitasking.
D. Initiation and planning.
Executive function is an umbrella term that encompasses the set of higher-order processes. Executive functions are complex cognitive processes necessary to adapt effectively to the environment and to achieve goals. Executive functioning involves abilities and processes vital for daily life such as: Working memory, planning, reasoning, flexibility (the ability to adjust behavior to changing environmental circumstances), task initiation, inhibition, decision making, time estimation, and multitasking.
An OT who works at an acute care hospital receives a referral to evaluate a newly admitted patient with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. When planning the assessment for this patient, what should the OT mostly take into consideration?
D. The patient’s expected endurance. Patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome very quickly lose their physical mobility and may become completely paralyzed over the span of a few days. Their endurance is usually very low and ability to participate in evaluation tasks is limited. The OT should therefore plan to complete the evaluation over several sessions.
D. The patient’s expected endurance. Patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome very quickly lose their physical mobility and may become completely paralyzed over the span of a few days. Their endurance is usually very low and ability to participate in evaluation tasks is limited. The OT should therefore plan to complete the evaluation over several sessions.
A woman demonstrates difficulty determining the distance between her arm and the counter while attempting to pick up her coffee cup. This problem is an example of what condition?
A. Dysmetria. Dysmetria is lack of coordination of movement typified by under- or over-shooting the intended position with the hand, arm, leg or eye. Dysmetria of a hand can make writing and picking things up difficult or even impossible.
B. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Astereognosis is the inability to recognize objects by touch alone even though the sense of touch and proprioception is intact.
D. Agnosia is basically a loss of the ability to identify objects or people. It is a perceptual disorder in which sensation
is preserved but the ability to recognize and interpret a stimulus or know its meaning is lost. Agnosia means “without knowledge”. Patients with agnosia cannot understand or recognize what they see, hear or feel. There are 3 main types of agnosia, based on the type of sensory input which has been affected. 1. Visual (vision). 2. Auditory (hearing). 3. Tactile (touch).
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/
http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue5/v4i5cognitive.pdf
A. Dysmetria. Dysmetria is lack of coordination of movement typified by under- or over-shooting the intended position with the hand, arm, leg or eye. Dysmetria of a hand can make writing and picking things up difficult or even impossible.
B. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.
C. Astereognosis is the inability to recognize objects by touch alone even though the sense of touch and proprioception is intact.
D. Agnosia is basically a loss of the ability to identify objects or people. It is a perceptual disorder in which sensation
is preserved but the ability to recognize and interpret a stimulus or know its meaning is lost. Agnosia means “without knowledge”. Patients with agnosia cannot understand or recognize what they see, hear or feel. There are 3 main types of agnosia, based on the type of sensory input which has been affected. 1. Visual (vision). 2. Auditory (hearing). 3. Tactile (touch).
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/
http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue5/v4i5cognitive.pdf
The neuromuscular rehabilitation approach that uses spiral and diagonal patterns, exercises agonists and antagonists, and follows a distal-to-proximal sequence is called:
A. PNF. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, abbreviated PNF, uses combinations of movements that follow diagonal or spiral patterns. These patterns work both agonists and antagonists, resulting in balanced movement throughout the pattern. PNF patterns are initiated with the distal part of the limb, so the movement sequence moves distal to proximal.
A. PNF. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, abbreviated PNF, uses combinations of movements that follow diagonal or spiral patterns. These patterns work both agonists and antagonists, resulting in balanced movement throughout the pattern. PNF patterns are initiated with the distal part of the limb, so the movement sequence moves distal to proximal.
An OT leads a wellness group for patients who attend a community center. The members of the center recently adopted a cat. What should the OT prioritize when teaching the group about pet care?
A. Body mechanics to use when lifting the new pet and pet supplies. Since the group is a wellness group, the OT will want to teach the group how to prevent injury when lifting and carrying the cat or the cat’s supplies, such as cat food, from one place to another within the community center.
A. Body mechanics to use when lifting the new pet and pet supplies. Since the group is a wellness group, the OT will want to teach the group how to prevent injury when lifting and carrying the cat or the cat’s supplies, such as cat food, from one place to another within the community center.
An OT is treating a patient with quadriplegia resulting from a C6 spinal cord injury. The patient has active wrist extension but no other active movement of her hands. What adaptation can the OT provide so the woman can pick up and hold objects independently?
A. Tenodesis splints. If a patient has active wrist extension, the fingers will passively flex and the index finger will contact the thumb. This is called tenodesis action. Tenodesis splints support this action by bracing the thumb and providing a dynamic assist to the wrist, allowing the patient to use the tenodesis action to grasp objects.
A. Tenodesis splints. If a patient has active wrist extension, the fingers will passively flex and the index finger will contact the thumb. This is called tenodesis action. Tenodesis splints support this action by bracing the thumb and providing a dynamic assist to the wrist, allowing the patient to use the tenodesis action to grasp objects.
An occupational therapist is working with a patient who has Parkinson’s disease. The patient has a prominent intention tremor. Which activity would be the most difficult for this patient to perform?
C. Eating breakfast in the cafe.
An intention tremor by definition is a tremor that worsens when the limb is guided to move towards a particular body part. It occurs with goal-directed movement and worsens as approaching the target. Typically, the tremor will become worse as an individual gets closer to their target.
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Tremor-Fact-Sheet
https://tremor.org.uk/types-of-tremor.html
C. Eating breakfast in the cafe.
An intention tremor by definition is a tremor that worsens when the limb is guided to move towards a particular body part. It occurs with goal-directed movement and worsens as approaching the target. Typically, the tremor will become worse as an individual gets closer to their target.
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Tremor-Fact-Sheet
https://tremor.org.uk/types-of-tremor.html
An OT is establishing a treatment plan for a patient with a degenerative disease. What skill areas should the OT be sure to include in the plan?
Improving patient safety and providing caregiver education
Since the patient has a degenerative disease and will not be improving abilities, the focus of the treatment plan should be adaptations to allow the patient to function safely at home. The patient’s caregiver should also be educated in techniques that will improve safety for both the patient and the caregiver.
Improving patient safety and providing caregiver education
Since the patient has a degenerative disease and will not be improving abilities, the focus of the treatment plan should be adaptations to allow the patient to function safely at home. The patient’s caregiver should also be educated in techniques that will improve safety for both the patient and the caregiver.
An 89-year-old patient with late stage Alzheimer’s Disease cannot reposition himself in his wheelchair and suffers recurrent pressure sores. What type of wheelchair feature would allow nursing home staff to provide pressure relief to the man while he is sitting in his wheelchair without having to reposition him?
A. Tilt-in-space. A tilt-in-space feature rotates the seat around a fixed axis, does not change the client’s position, and provides pressure relief for the buttocks. The nursing home staff would be able to provide pressure relief to the man by tilting the chair in different positions without having to reposition the man himself.
A. Tilt-in-space. A tilt-in-space feature rotates the seat around a fixed axis, does not change the client’s position, and provides pressure relief for the buttocks. The nursing home staff would be able to provide pressure relief to the man by tilting the chair in different positions without having to reposition the man himself.
A patient with a diagnosis of a CVA is eating dinner. When a staff member comes to remove the patient’s plate, she notices that the patient has only eaten the food on the right side of the plate. The staff member points out the remaining food to the patient and the patient responds that she did not know the food was there. What condition is this scenario most likely indicative of?
A. Left unilateral neglect. Since the patient was not aware that the food on the left side of the plate was there, the patient did not think to look to the left side or even consider that there was a left side. This is characteristic of left unilateral neglect.
Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder that arises as a result of injury to the cerebral cortex. Unilateral neglect is also commonly known as contralateral neglect, hemispatial neglect, visuospatial neglect, spatial neglect, or hemi-neglect. In unilateral neglect, patients fail to report, respond or orient to meaningful stimuli presented on the affected side. In most cases, the right parietal cortex has been injured and the left side of the body and/or space is/are ignored.
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Unilateral_neglect
A. Left unilateral neglect. Since the patient was not aware that the food on the left side of the plate was there, the patient did not think to look to the left side or even consider that there was a left side. This is characteristic of left unilateral neglect.
Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder that arises as a result of injury to the cerebral cortex. Unilateral neglect is also commonly known as contralateral neglect, hemispatial neglect, visuospatial neglect, spatial neglect, or hemi-neglect. In unilateral neglect, patients fail to report, respond or orient to meaningful stimuli presented on the affected side. In most cases, the right parietal cortex has been injured and the left side of the body and/or space is/are ignored.
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Unilateral_neglect
A _____ spoon keeps food in the bowl of the spoon when the spoon is turned at any angle. It is ideal for patients with poor muscle control.
D. Swivel. A swivel spoon is specially designed to allow the bowl to swing, keeping the bowl in a position to hold food no matter how the spoon is moved.
D. Swivel. A swivel spoon is specially designed to allow the bowl to swing, keeping the bowl in a position to hold food no matter how the spoon is moved.
An OT is working with a patient who is recovering from a CVA. OT intervention is focused on using functional tasks to improve a specific type of movement of either the the shoulder or forearm. The activities include drinking from a mug, buttoning a shirt, and eating a meal. What is the specific shoulder/forearm movement that the OT is trying to elicit?
C. To work on internal rotation.
Internal rotation (also known as medial rotation) is an anatomical term referring to rotation towards the center of the body. These functional exercises will work on full range of internal rotation.
C. To work on internal rotation.
Internal rotation (also known as medial rotation) is an anatomical term referring to rotation towards the center of the body. These functional exercises will work on full range of internal rotation.
A patient with a R CVA and unilateral neglect is participating in planting flowers in a garden. The OT places a pile of soil in front of the patient and asks him to scoop the soil into a container. The patient scoops some of the soil and then stops the activity. What action represents a remedial strategy for the OT to take to support long-term independence with this patient?
Have the patient visually scan the table for all the soil. The patient experienced a R CVA, which means that the left side of his body is affected. Since he has unilateral neglect, he will not recognize that soil is present on the left side of his visual field unless he turns his head to scan the entire visual field. The OT can provide visual and verbal prompts to the patient to facilitate him turning his head to scan the entire area for soil.
Have the patient visually scan the table for all the soil. The patient experienced a R CVA, which means that the left side of his body is affected. Since he has unilateral neglect, he will not recognize that soil is present on the left side of his visual field unless he turns his head to scan the entire visual field. The OT can provide visual and verbal prompts to the patient to facilitate him turning his head to scan the entire area for soil.
A patient who recently had a total hip replacement lives in a one-story house with his wife and two dogs. For mobility, he is now required to use a standard wheelchair however, there is a 2-foot vertical rise at the entrance to his home. What is the recommended ramp length needed in order for this patient to access his house?
C. 24 feet. 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. ADA recommends a 1:12 slope, which means that for every 1 inch of vertical rise, 12 inches of ramp length is required. In this scenario the vertical rise is 2-foot which equals 24-inch. The minimum ramp length would therefore be 24 inches X 12 = 288 inches. To convert 288″ to foot measurements, divide 288 by 12 which equals 24 feet. Or simply put, the ratio is 1:12. The vertical rise is 2 feet which means that the calculation is simply 2:24. Make you are using the scale of measurement.
View this website for more information. http://www.adawheelchairramps.com
C. 24 feet. 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. ADA recommends a 1:12 slope, which means that for every 1 inch of vertical rise, 12 inches of ramp length is required. In this scenario the vertical rise is 2-foot which equals 24-inch. The minimum ramp length would therefore be 24 inches X 12 = 288 inches. To convert 288″ to foot measurements, divide 288 by 12 which equals 24 feet. Or simply put, the ratio is 1:12. The vertical rise is 2 feet which means that the calculation is simply 2:24. Make you are using the scale of measurement.
View this website for more information. http://www.adawheelchairramps.com
A 29-year-old male recently sustained a T2 SCI after being struck by a car while riding his motorcycle. During a wheelchair evaluation the patient states that he would like to continue to drive, play sports, and go to parties with his friends. Which type of wheelchair would be the MOST suitable to recommend as a primary wheelchair for this patient?
A. Lightweight standard manual wheelchair.
SCI T1 – T4
-Independent in all transfers and pressure relief
-Independent with manual wheelchair on curbs, ramps, wheelies, and uneven ground
-Able to load wheelchair into car and drive with hand controls.
Choosing a manual wheelchair for everyday use is the best choice as it meets most of the patient’s needs.It is foldable and the patient can easily load it into his car. He can acquire a second wheelchair, specifically for sport.
Disabled athletes use streamlined sport wheelchairs for sports that require speed and agility, such as basketball, rugby, tennis and racing. Each wheelchair sport tends to use a specific type of wheelchair, and these no longer look like an everyday wheelchair. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase solidity), with a pronounced angle for the wheels (which provides stability during a sharp turn) and made of composite, lightweight materials. Sport wheelchairs are not generally for everyday use and are often a ‘second’ chair specifically for sporting usage, although some users prefer the sport options for every day.
https://ablemagazine.co.uk/buyingguide/sports-wheelchairs/
C. The wheelchairs used for each sport have evolved to suit the specific needs of that sport. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase rigidity), with a pronounced negative camber for the wheels (which provides stability and is helpful for making sharp turns), and often are made of composite, lightweight materials. Even seating position may be radically different, with racing wheelchairs generally used in a kneeling position. Sport wheelchairs are rarely suited for everyday use and are often a ‘second’ chair specifically for sport use.
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Types_of_Wheelchair
B and D. These wheelchairs are more suitable for a tetraplegia.
A. Lightweight standard manual wheelchair.
SCI T1 – T4
-Independent in all transfers and pressure relief
-Independent with manual wheelchair on curbs, ramps, wheelies, and uneven ground
-Able to load wheelchair into car and drive with hand controls.
Choosing a manual wheelchair for everyday use is the best choice as it meets most of the patient’s needs.It is foldable and the patient can easily load it into his car. He can acquire a second wheelchair, specifically for sport.
Disabled athletes use streamlined sport wheelchairs for sports that require speed and agility, such as basketball, rugby, tennis and racing. Each wheelchair sport tends to use a specific type of wheelchair, and these no longer look like an everyday wheelchair. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase solidity), with a pronounced angle for the wheels (which provides stability during a sharp turn) and made of composite, lightweight materials. Sport wheelchairs are not generally for everyday use and are often a ‘second’ chair specifically for sporting usage, although some users prefer the sport options for every day.
https://ablemagazine.co.uk/buyingguide/sports-wheelchairs/
C. The wheelchairs used for each sport have evolved to suit the specific needs of that sport. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase rigidity), with a pronounced negative camber for the wheels (which provides stability and is helpful for making sharp turns), and often are made of composite, lightweight materials. Even seating position may be radically different, with racing wheelchairs generally used in a kneeling position. Sport wheelchairs are rarely suited for everyday use and are often a ‘second’ chair specifically for sport use.
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Types_of_Wheelchair
B and D. These wheelchairs are more suitable for a tetraplegia.
An OT and OTA are hired by a large corporation to implement a primary prevention program for their employees, on diabetes. What would the main focus of this intervention be?
B. Promote a healthy lifestyle which will lead to healthier eating and increased physical activity.
Primary prevention is defined as education or health promotion strategies designed to help people avoid the onset and reduce the incidence of unhealthy conditions, diseases, or injuries. Primary prevention attempts to identify and eliminate risk factors for disease, injury, and disability. (Secondary prevention includes early detection and intervention after disease has occurred and is designed to prevent or disrupt the disabling process. Tertiary prevention refers to treatment and services designed to arrest the progression of a condition, prevent further disability, and promote social opportunity).
The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) supports and promotes involvement of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the development and provision of health promotion and disease or disability prevention programs and services. There are three critical roles for occupational therapy practitioners in health promotion and disease or disability prevention: to promote healthy lifestyles; to emphasize occupation as an essential element of health promotion strategies; and to provide interventions, not only with individuals but also with populations. It is important that occupational therapy practitioners promote a healthy lifestyle for all individuals and their families, including people with physical, mental, or cognitive impairments.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bd6/ba8a89c6c616f5d25bd4841afe561f102714.pdf
B. Promote a healthy lifestyle which will lead to healthier eating and increased physical activity.
Primary prevention is defined as education or health promotion strategies designed to help people avoid the onset and reduce the incidence of unhealthy conditions, diseases, or injuries. Primary prevention attempts to identify and eliminate risk factors for disease, injury, and disability. (Secondary prevention includes early detection and intervention after disease has occurred and is designed to prevent or disrupt the disabling process. Tertiary prevention refers to treatment and services designed to arrest the progression of a condition, prevent further disability, and promote social opportunity).
The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) supports and promotes involvement of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the development and provision of health promotion and disease or disability prevention programs and services. There are three critical roles for occupational therapy practitioners in health promotion and disease or disability prevention: to promote healthy lifestyles; to emphasize occupation as an essential element of health promotion strategies; and to provide interventions, not only with individuals but also with populations. It is important that occupational therapy practitioners promote a healthy lifestyle for all individuals and their families, including people with physical, mental, or cognitive impairments.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bd6/ba8a89c6c616f5d25bd4841afe561f102714.pdf
A patient in inpatient rehab was admitted for R CVA 2 weeks ago. He demonstrates leaning to the right side of his body during upper body dressing at the edge of the bed and neglects dressing the left side of his body. What is this an example of?
Asomatognosia is a body scheme disorder in which an individual loses awareness of part of the body. This oftentimes includes a pattern of neglect, as seen in some CVA incidences. Ideational apraxia is a breakdown in knowledge of what is to be done or how to perform something. Gravitational insecurity – seen in children with sensory processing disorders who react with exaggerated emotional responses to movements, typically when off of the floor.
Asomatognosia is a body scheme disorder in which an individual loses awareness of part of the body. This oftentimes includes a pattern of neglect, as seen in some CVA incidences. Ideational apraxia is a breakdown in knowledge of what is to be done or how to perform something. Gravitational insecurity – seen in children with sensory processing disorders who react with exaggerated emotional responses to movements, typically when off of the floor.
A patient is in the plateau stage of Guillain-Barre Syndrome and is demonstrating frustration with performance in self-care activities despite having some gains in upper extremity function. What should the OT do NEXT in response to the patient?
The OT’s immediate response is to listen empathetically to the patient; it creates an atmosphere that fosters trust and demonstrates compassion.
The OT’s immediate response is to listen empathetically to the patient; it creates an atmosphere that fosters trust and demonstrates compassion.
An OT is working with an older adult patient with a cognitive disability and auditory defensiveness. What treatment strategy would help this patient the most as he participates in occupational therapy activities in the facility?
C. Earplugs or headphones.
Earplugs or headphones will allow the patient to focus on the activity at hand while other patients are in the facility making noise.
C. Earplugs or headphones.
Earplugs or headphones will allow the patient to focus on the activity at hand while other patients are in the facility making noise.
A physical therapist is planning on opening up a new rehabilitation clinic and will include occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy services. An occupational therapist is hired as an ADA and ergonomic consultant. What should the OT suggest as the maximum height for the kitchen counter tops in the rehabilitation kitchen?
A. 36. ADA requires a maximum height of 36 inches, all accessible counters must have a clear floor space in front of the accessible surface that permits a patient using a wheelchair to pull alongside. This space is at least 30 inches by 48 inches and may be parallel or perpendicular to the counter.
A. 36. ADA requires a maximum height of 36 inches, all accessible counters must have a clear floor space in front of the accessible surface that permits a patient using a wheelchair to pull alongside. This space is at least 30 inches by 48 inches and may be parallel or perpendicular to the counter.
A patient with Parkinson’s disease fatigues very quickly while using a standard keyboard to operate a computer. Which of the following choices would be the best option to recommend if the patient prefers to continue using the standard keyboard?
B. A word prediction program to save keystrokes.
A word prediction program to save keystrokes will help a patient who becomes fatigued from typing. Word prediction programs reduce the number of keystrokes necessary to transcribe a word by using the first one to three letters that are typed to predict the target word. Based on what letters of the word have been typed, these programs first presents a list of choices or guesses as to the desired target word. The proposed word list is then dynamically changed as more letters are typed, thus increasing the accuracy of the predictions. Word prediction was originally developed for people with physical disabilities to decrease the number of keystrokes needed to input text. Today, word prediction is fairly common as an integrated feature of texting and email apps for smartphones and tablet computers (e.g., iPads). http://my.ilstu.edu/~gpeters/L7_AT_Literacy_Writing/L7_AT_Literacy_Writing8.html
B. A word prediction program to save keystrokes.
A word prediction program to save keystrokes will help a patient who becomes fatigued from typing. Word prediction programs reduce the number of keystrokes necessary to transcribe a word by using the first one to three letters that are typed to predict the target word. Based on what letters of the word have been typed, these programs first presents a list of choices or guesses as to the desired target word. The proposed word list is then dynamically changed as more letters are typed, thus increasing the accuracy of the predictions. Word prediction was originally developed for people with physical disabilities to decrease the number of keystrokes needed to input text. Today, word prediction is fairly common as an integrated feature of texting and email apps for smartphones and tablet computers (e.g., iPads). http://my.ilstu.edu/~gpeters/L7_AT_Literacy_Writing/L7_AT_Literacy_Writing8.html
According to Rood, what is required for normalization of tone and evocation of desired muscular responses?
Answer: C. Sensory input. This is one of the 4 basic principles of the Rood frame of reference. Sensory input may be manipulated in treatment through facilitation techniques such as brushing and inhibition techniques such as neutral warmth.
Answer: C. Sensory input. This is one of the 4 basic principles of the Rood frame of reference. Sensory input may be manipulated in treatment through facilitation techniques such as brushing and inhibition techniques such as neutral warmth.
What technique is not encouraged during recovery from a CVA according to the Neurodevelopmental Treatment frame of reference?
Answer: A. Compensation. After a CVA, using the uninvolved side to compensate for the involved side is discouraged because it results in inactivity and poor recovery of the involved side.
Answer: A. Compensation. After a CVA, using the uninvolved side to compensate for the involved side is discouraged because it results in inactivity and poor recovery of the involved side.
An OT is using the Brunnstrom approach while working with a patient who is recovering from a right CVA. The patient must stand up from an armchair to pull up his pants. What facilitation technique should the OT use to help the patient push up from the chair using both arms?
B. Have the patient push on the chair with his unaffected arm while the OT taps on the triceps of the affected arm to elicit a response. This technique utilizes the extensor synergy pattern to elicit muscle responses in the affected arm as the patient extends his unaffected arm while pushing on the armrest. This is a basic facilitation technique within the Brunnstrom approach.
B. Have the patient push on the chair with his unaffected arm while the OT taps on the triceps of the affected arm to elicit a response. This technique utilizes the extensor synergy pattern to elicit muscle responses in the affected arm as the patient extends his unaffected arm while pushing on the armrest. This is a basic facilitation technique within the Brunnstrom approach.
When using the Carr & Shepherd approach, how are movement patterns practiced?